Table 3.
General linear models of the associations of residential SES and predominant population group with the uptake of SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 mortality, Israel.
| PCR diagnostic tests a |
Cumulative SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence b |
Cumulative COVID-19 mortality c |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | RR | 95% CI | p-value | RR | 95% CI | p-value | RR | 95% CI | p-value |
| Residential SES rank | |||||||||
| SES-1 | 1•00 | NA | NA | ||||||
| SES-2 | 1•41 | 1•18–1•68 | <0•001 | 1•00 | 1•00 | – | – | ||
| SES-3 | 1•66 | 1•40–1•96 | <0•001 | 1•01 | 0•87–1•16 | 0•90 | 0•80 | 0•58–1•12 | 0•20 |
| SES-4 | 1•96 | 1•64–2•34 | <0•001 | 1•08 | 0•93–1•27 | 0•30 | 0•81 | 0•49–1•31 | 0•40 |
| SES-5 | 1•82 | 1•49–2•23 | <0•001 | 0•89 | 0•73–1•08 | 0•20 | 0•54 | 0•29–1•01 | 0•049 |
| SES-6 | 2•01 | 1•64–2•46 | <0•001 | 0•79 | 0•65–0•97 | 0•022 | 0•54 | 0•29–1•02 | 0•054 |
| SES-7 | 1•87 | 1•54–2•26 | <0•001 | 0•74 | 0•61–0•89 | 0•001 | 0•47 | 0•26–0•84 | 0•011 |
| SES-8 | 1•67 | 1•35–2•06 | <0•001 | 0•55 | 0•45–0•68 | <0•001 | 0•38 | 0•20–0•72 | 0•003 |
| SES-9 | 1•66 | 1•36–2•01 | <0•001 | 0•46 | 0•38–0•56 | <0•001 | 0•31 | 0•16–0•57 | <0•001 |
| SES-10 | 1•81 | 1•37–2•41 | <0•001 | 0•45 | 0•33–0•62 | <0•001 | NA | ||
| Population group | |||||||||
| Jewish general population | 1•00 | – | – | 1•00 | – | – | 1•00 | – | – |
| Ultraorthodox Jews | 1•35 | 1•12–1•63 | <0•001 | 2•10 | 1•66–2•67 | <0•001 | 1•21 | 0•76–1•93 | 0•40 |
| Arabs | 0•75 | 0•68–0•82 | <0•001 | 1•05 | 0•94–1•18 | 0•40 | 1•49 | 1•06–2•10 | 0•018 |
CI: Confidence intervals; NA: not applicable; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; RR: Relative risk; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SES: Socioeconomic status (10 is the highest SES and 1 is the lowest).
Multivariable general linear models were conducted with negative binomial distribution and log function using data of towns with more than 2000 residents, cumulative counts of each outcome were included as the dependant variable in three separate models, and the natural logarithm of the population size included as an offset. Each model included residential SES rank and population group. a The analysis of PCR uptake was based on data of 260 towns. b The analysis of incidence was based on data of 249 towns since we excluded the 11 towns with the lowest SES rank (outlier observations). c The analysis of mortality was based on data of 65 towns with 15 or more COVID-19 deaths that have information on median age (which was included in the model as covariate: adjusted RR 1•06 95% CI 1•03–1•09) p<0•001). Towns with the lowest SES rank were excluded from this analysis (outlier observations). No deaths were reported in towns with residential SES of 10 (highest).