Table 2.
Tested variables for the length of hospital stay and pediatric intensive care unit admission
| PICU admission | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 27, 35.5%) | No (n = 49, 64.4%) | p value | |
| Demographic findings | |||
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 10.44 ± 4.87 | 6.92 ± 3.63 | 0.001 |
| Male Gender (n, %) | 18 (66.7%) | 34 (69.4%) | 1 |
| Isolation measures followed (n, %) | 18 (66.7%) | 35 (71.4%) | 0.864 |
| Chronic disease (n, %) | 7 (25.9%) | 5 (10.2%) | 0.101 |
| Receiving long-term medication (n, %) | 3 (11.1%) | 2 (4.1%) | 0.340 |
| Diagnostic criteria of MIS-C | |||
| 1: Febrile days before admission (median (min–max)) | 4 (1–15) | 4 (1–12) | 0.848 |
| 2: SARS-CoV-2 antibody | 0.047 | ||
| Positive IgG (n, %) | 17 (63%) | 42 (85.7%) | |
| Negative IgG (n, %) | 10 (37%) | 7 (14.3%) | |
| 3: Multisystem involvement | |||
| Cardiac (n, %) | 24 (88.9%) | 47 (95.9%) | 0.249 |
| Gastrointestinal (n, %) | 22 (81.5%) | 43 (87.8%) | 0.506 |
| Dermatologic (n, %) | 11 (40.7%) | 29 (59.2%) | 0.193 |
| Neurologic (n, %) | 9 (33.3%) | 5 (10.2%) | 0.027 |
| Renal (n, %) | 7 (25.9%) | 1 (2%) | 0.002 |
| Respiratory (n, %) | 22 (81.5%) | 12 (24.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Hematologic (n, %) | 8 (29.6%) | 8 (16.3%) | 0.286 |
| 4: Initial inflammatory markers* | |||
| CRP (mg/L) (mean ± SD) | 167.88 ± 88.46 | 155.08 ± 89.25 | 0.550 |
| ESR (mm/h) median (min–max) | 42 (8–100) | 42 (2–136) | 0.904 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 583 ± 234.97 | 523.7 ± 183.9 | 0.332 |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) median (min–max) | 4.42 (0.08–100) | 3.1 (0.143–110) | 0.323 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) median (min–max) | 2.83 (0.11–38.75) | 1.93 (0.23–21.94) | 0.168 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) median (min–max) | 395.35 (72–2000) | 378.5 (102–2000) | 0.614 |
| LDH (IU/L) median (min–max) | 290 (178–3092) | 286 (144–684) | 0.572 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) median (min–max) | 83.4 (24–303) | 56 (1.5–317) | 0.694 |
| Neutrophil (cells/mm3) median (min–max) | 6910 (700–20,950) | 6780 (2550–35,130) | 0.944 |
| Lymphocyte (cells/mm3) median (min–max) | 910 (140–7300) | 1350 (400–8700) | 0.015 |
| Albumin (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 3.14 ± 0.5 | 3.59 ± 0.56 | 0.001 |
| Additional data | |||
| Fulfilled Kawasaki disease criteria (n, %) | 3 (11.1%) | 5 (10.2%) | 1 |
| Echocardiographic findings | |||
| Valve insufficiency (n, %) | 15 (55.6%) | 21 (42.9%) | 0.412 |
| Myocarditis (n, %) | 6 (22.2%) | 1 (2%) | 0.007 |
| Pericardial effusion (n, %) | 3 (11.1%) | 10 (20.4%) | 0.359 |
| Coronary dilatation (n, %) | 1 (3.7%) | 5 (10.2%) | 0.413 |
| Decreased systolic function (n, %) | 9 (33.3%) | 5 (10.2%) | 0.027 |
| Treatments | |||
| IVIG (n, %) | 27 (100%) | 49 (100%) | – |
| Steroid (n, %) | 26 (96.3%) | 48 (98%) | 1 |
| Anakinra (n, %) | 2 (7.4%) | 1 (2%) | 0.286 |
| Inotropic agents (n, %) | 18 (66.7%) | 4 (8.2%) | < 0.001 |
| Anticoagulants (n, %) | 23 (85.2%) | 47 (95.9%) | 0.178 |
| Favipiravir (n, %) | 6 (22.2%) | 1 (2%) | 0.007 |
| Plasmapheresis (n, %) | 14 (51.9%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory support | |||
| None (n, %) | 10 (37%) | 43 (87.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Free-flow oxygen (n, %) | 7 (25.9%) | 4 (8.2%) | |
| Non-invasive ventilation (n, %) | 7 (25.9%) | 2 (4.1%) | |
| Invasive ventilation (n, %) | 3 (11.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
*Patients without available data were not included into the analysis
CRP, C-Reactive protein; CT, computed tomography; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IgG.: Immunoglobulin G; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MIS-C, multi-inflammatory syndrome in children; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2