Table 5.

Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses to determine the predictors of HRQoL in PLHWA in Pakistan (n = 602)

Patient characteristics	EQ-5D index value (Univariate linear regression)		P- value	EQ-5D index value (Multivariate linear regression)		P- value
	Unstandardized β	95% CI		Unstandardized β	95% CI
Gender
Female vs. male	−0.110	−0.179 to −0.0405	0.002	0.118	0.089–0.149	< 0.001
Transgender vs. male	0.404	0.225–0.584	< 0.001	−0.054	−0.137–0.027	0.193
Age
26–50 years vs. 18–25 years	−0.112	−0.1763 to −0.0481	0.001	0.158	0.114–0.202	< 0.001
> 50 years vs. 18–25 years	−0.606	−0.673 to −0.539	< 0.001	0.054	0.002–0.106	0.042
Marital status
Married/In relationship vs. single	−0.186	−0.263 to −0.109	< 0.001	0.139	0.089–0.189	< 0.001
Divorced/separated vs. single	−0.370	−0.447 to −0.294	< 0.001	0.006	−0.036–0.048	0.771
Widowed vs. single	−0.377	−0.490 to −0.265	< 0.001	−0.003	−0.059- 0.052	0.914
Level of education
Primary vs. illiterate	0.0698	−0.005–0.145	0.066	−0.139	−0.183 to −0.094	< 0.001
Secondary vs. illiterate	0.105	0.025–0.186	0.010	−0.163	−0.211 to −0.115	< 0.001
Tertiary vs. illiterate	0.711	0.578–0.844	< 0.001	−0.021	−0.904–0.048	0.550
Employment status
Non-employed vs. employed	−0.242	−0.308 to −0.176	< 0.001	−0.070	−0.104 to −0.036	< 0.001
HIV since diagnosis (years)
1–5 vs. < 1	−0.125	−0.203 to −0.048	0.002	0.289	0.233–0.346	< 0.001
6–10 vs. < 1	−0.274	−0.367 to −0.182	< 0.001	0.464	0.380–0.548	< 0.001
> 10 vs. < 1	−0.123	−0.237 to −-0.009	−0.034	0.615	0.526–0.705	< 0.001
HIV serostatus
Symptomatic vs. asymptomatic	−0.319	−0.377 to −0.262	< 0.001	−0.145	−0.176 to −0.111	< 0.001
AIDS-converted vs. asymptomatic	−0.953	−1.113 to −0.794	< 0.001	−0.638	−0.731 to −0.545	< 0.001
CD4 count
200–500 vs. < 200	0.306	0.256–0.356	< 0.001	0.173	0.125–0.221	< 0.001
> 500 vs. < 200	0.798	0.744–0.852	< 0.001	0.670	0.604–0.739	< 0.001
Viral load
Detectable vs. non-detectable	−0.334	−0.393 to −0.273	< 0.001	−0.038	−0.074 to −0.002	0.041
Time on ART
12–48 months vs. < 12 months	0.062	−0.017–0.141	0.123	−0.338	−0.393 to −0.281	< 0.001
> 48 months vs. < 12 months	−0.320	−0.388–0.252	< 0.001	−0.712	−0.790 to −0.634	0.001
How you get infected with HIV?
No idea vs. sex with men	−0.577	−0.862 to −0.293	< 0.001	−0.202	−0.323 to −0.079	0.001
Blood products vs. sex with men	−0.391	−0.546 to −0.237	< 0.001	−0.262	−0.329 to −0.194	< 0.001
Injecting drugs vs. sex with men	−0.294	−0.437 to −0.151	< 0.001	−0.037	−0.09–0.260	0.251
Sex with women vs. sex with men	−0.352	−0.529 to −0.175	< 0.001	0.211	0.139–0.282	< 0.001

Normality of data was assessed by QQ-plot and Shapiro–wilk test (P > 0.05)

Model statistics: F: 178.82; P < 0.001; R²: 0.885, Adjusted R²: 0.881