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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Obes. 2021 Jan 4;16(7):e12767. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12767

TABLE 2.

Infant anthropometry and body composition measurements at birth, 14 and 54 wk

At birth
 14 wk
 54 wk
LI N = 97 UC N = 99 Adj Diffa P valuea LI N = 86 UC N = 83 Adj Diffb P valueb LI N = 89 UC N = 88 Adj Diffb P valueb
Age (d) (wk) 2.86 (5.34) 3.32 (6.26) −0.35 (0.70) 0.62 15.0 (2.8) 15.1 (3.5) 0.92 58.1 (13.5) 59.4 (20.2) 0.61
Anthropometry
Study weight (g) (kg) 3229 (526) 3108 (500) 131 (59) 0.03* N = 86
6.23 (0.88)		 N = 82
6.16 (1.04)		 0.11 (0.13) 0.40 N = 89
9.93 (1.32)		 N = 87
9.99 (1.79)		 168 (183) 0.36
Study length (cm) 49.6 (2.5) 49.4 (2.3) 0.3 (0.3) 0.33 N = 86
61.54 (2.92)		 N = 83
61.19 (2.99)		 0.45 (0.37) 0.22 76.54 (4.21) 76.22 (5.19) 0.70 (0.42) 0.10
Ponderal index (kg/m3) 26.2 (1.9) 25.6 (2.1) 0.7 (0.3) 0.02* N = 86
26.70 (2.62)		 N = 82
26.75 (2.12)		 0.01 (0.41) 0.99 N = 89
22.19 (2.39)		 N = 86
22.37 (2.05)		 −0.10 (0.30) 0.74
Head circumference (cm) 34.33 (1.52) 33.97 (1.49) 0.38 (0.17) 0.03* N = 84
40.92 (1.40)		 N = 83
40.71 (1.62)		 0.19 (0.19) 0.33 N = 88
46.60 (1.56)		 N = 88
46.31 (1.76)		 0.46 (0.21) 0.03*
Skinfolds N = 97 N = 99 N = 85 N = 83 N = 89 N = 88
 Triceps (mm) 4.83 (1.35) 4.65 (1.11) 0.20 (0.17) 0.26 9.49 (2.00) 9.48 (1.83) 0.06 (0.31) 0.85 10.11 (2.73) 9.87 (2.57) 0.47 (0.40) 0.24
 Subscapular (mm) 4.55 (1.27) 4.32 (1.17) 0.25 (0.17) 0.14 8.189 (6.62) 7.25 (1.83) 1.14 (0.81) 0.16 6.85 (1.98) 6.90 (1.93) 0.14 (0.30) 0.65
 Iliac crest (mm) 3.97 (0.95) 3.91 (0.99) 0.08 (0.13) 0.54 9.68 (2.76) 9.30 (2.63) 0.36 (0.44) 0.41 9.25 (3.25) 9.05 (2.91) 0.45 (0.48) 0.36
 Thigh (mm) 5.93 (1.89) 5.66 (1.57) 0.29 (0.24) 0.22 17.89 (3.62) 17.89 (4.79) 0.08 (0.67) 0.90 17.06 (4.51) 16.71 (3.82) 0.60 (0.65) 0.35
 Centralc (mm) 8.52 (2.10) 8.23 (2.01) 0.33 (0.28) 0.24 17.86 (7.62) 16.56 (4.07) 1.50 (1.01) 0.14 16.09 4.88) 15.95 (4.45) 0.58 (0.73) 0.42
 Peripherald (mm) 10.76 (3.09) 10.32(2.54) 0.49 (0.39) 0.21 27.38 (5.05) 27.37 (6.03) 0.14 (0.89) 0.87 27.17 (6.69) 26.59 (5.84) 1.09 (0.96) 0.26
 Sum of skinfoldse (mm) 19.29 (5.03) 18.55(4.41) 0.82 (0.65) 0.20 45.25(10.41) 43.92 (9.29) 1.64 (1.60) 0.31 43.26 (10.89) 42.57 (9.64) 1.66 (1.59) 0.30
Body composition
PEA POD N = 95 N = 96 N = 70 N = 66 – – –
Percentage fat (%) 10.9 (4.34) 10.10 (3.90) 0.79 (0.55) 0.16 24.0 (4.7) 24.7 (4.9) −0.74 (0.88) 0.40 – – –
Fat mass (g) 360 (173) 324 (157) 38 (22) 0.08 1493 (436) 1536 (466) −28 (83) 0.74 – – –
Fat-free mass (g) 2871 (404) 2786 (405) 98 (45) 0.03* 4661 (634) 4588 (586) 137 (83) 0.10 – – –
QMR (g) N = 82 N = 87 N = 80 N = 72 N = 72 N = 67
Total fat mass (g) 542 (189) 509 (179) 32 (24) 0.19 1759 (450) 1787 (586) 14 (80) 0.86 2838 (855) 2752 (781) 148 (124) 0.24
Total lean mass (g) 2327 (325) 2211 (314) 105 (38) 0.006** 3724 (484) 3665 (445) 100 (63) 0.12 5395 (585) 5306 (563) 117 (92) 0.20
Total body water (g) 2452 (334) 2342 (320) 97 (40) 0.02* 3802 (471) 3757 (416) 86 (62) 0.17 5194 (636) 5177 (520) 33 (98) 0.74
a

Adjusted differences, estimate (SE) and P value were obtained using ANCOVA with covariates including mother’s baseline age, mother’s baseline body mass index, mother’s ethnicity, infant’s gestational age at birth, infant’s age at measurement and infant’s sex.

b

Adjusted differences (14 and 54 wk), estimate (SE) and P value were obtained using ANCOVA with covariates including mother’s baseline age, mother’s baseline body mass index, maternal gestational weight gain, infant’s age at measurement and infant’s sex.

c

Central is the sum of subscapular and iliac crest.

d

Peripheral is the sum of triceps and thigh.

e

Sum of skinfolds is triceps and subscapular and iliac crest and thigh.

*

P < 0.05.

**

P < 0.01.