TABLE 1.

Animal models and cell models used to mimic TMJ osteoarthritis in recent years

Intervention	Animals/Cells	Methods	Year	Authors
In vivo
Mechanical modification	Rats	Unilateral anterior crossbite	2019	Yang, H., et al
			2018	Ye, T., et al
		Bite‐raising	2019	Long, HQ, et al
		Steady mouth‐opening	2017	Ge, X., R., et al
		External compressive mechanical force	2017	Zhang, C., et al
			2016	Zhu, M., et al
	Rabbits	Unilateral dental splints	2015	Henderson., et al
Medicine	Rats	Monosodium iodoacetic acid	2019	Zhang, S., et al
		Freund's complete adjuvant	2016	Xu, L., et al
	Rabbits	Type II collagenase	2020	Yi, X., et al
Surgery	Mice	Unilateral partial discectomy	2019	Chen, PH et al
	Goats	Total disc removal	2017	Lan, L., et al
		Cartilage removal of condyle	2017	Wang, F., et al
Gene	Mice	Collagen type XI haploinsufficient mice	2019	Chen, PH, et al
		Camurati–Engelmann disease mice	2018	Zheng, L., et al
		β‐catenin conditional activation mice	2018	Hui, T., et al
		Expressing human SHOX	2016	Liang, W., et al
		Conditional deletion of FGFR3	2016	Zhou, S., et al
		SMAD3 deficiency mice	2015	Mori, H., et al
	Guinea pig	Dunkin‐Hartley strain guinea pig	2016	Wu, M., et al
Senescence	Mice		2018	Wang, Z., et al
In vitro
Mechanical force	ATDC5	Flow fluid shear stress	2019	Yang, H., et al
	Pig condylar chondrocytes		2017	Zhang, M., et al
Cytokines	Rat condylar chondrocytes	IL‐1β	2019	Zhang, S., et al
			2016	Chen, H., et al
		TNF‐α+cycloheximide	2017	Zhang, C., et al