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. 2021 Jun 4;11:11852. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90502-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pathological and immunohistochemical findings in dilated cardiomyopathy. (A) Macroscopically, we observed severe dilation of the bilateral ventricles. LV wall thickness in the DCM group was relatively uniform, but the wall was thinner in DCM than in the other two groups. (B) ICDs were partially but not clearly observed, and cardiomyocyte units were unclear. (N-cadherin immunostaining; scale bar, 20 µm; original magnification, × 400). (C) Characteristic findings of DCM included cardiomyocyte atrophy, nuclear pleomorphism, and interstitial fibrosis (H–E staining; scale bar, 20 µm; original magnification, × 400). Immunohistochemistry revealed that N-cadherin immunostaining was lower in the DCM group than in the CHF and control groups (N-cadherin immunostaining; scale bar, 5 µm; original magnification, × 1000). ICD width was approximately 2–8 sarcomeres and was significantly elongated in the long-axis direction of the cardiomyocytes. The ICDs were scattered, had a stepwise shape, and were highly curved.