Table 2.
Healthcare services use and in-hospital outcomes.
| Overall (n = 378) | CKRT (n = 161) | Only HD (n = 145) | PD (n = 72) | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare services use, n (%) | |||||
| ECMO | 76 (20.11) | 60 (37.27) | 5 (3.45) | 11 (15.28) | < 0.0001 |
| ICU | 302 (79.89) | 161 (100) | 88 (60.69) | 54 (75) | < 0.0001 |
| VIS medication use# | |||||
| Dopamine | 203 (53.7) | 133 (82.61) | 35 (24.14) | 35 (48.61) | < 0.0001 |
| Dobutamine | 98 (25.93) | 65 (40.37) | 4 (2.76) | 29 (40.28) | < 0.0001 |
| (Nor) epinephrine | 201 (53.17) | 135 (83.85) | 30 (20.69) | 36 (50) | < 0.0001 |
| Milrinone | 119 (31.48) | 90 (55.9) | 10 (6.9) | 19 (26.39) | < 0.0001 |
| Sum of VIS medication regiment, n (%) | |||||
| ≥ 2 | 191 (50.53) | 135 (83.85) | 20 (13.79) | 36 (50) | <0 .0001 |
| < 2 | 187 (49.47) | 26 (16.15) | 125 (86.21) | 36 (50) | |
| Length of stay, day | |||||
| Mean | 40.53 (44.11) | 41.48 (43.93) | 37.68 (41.17) | 44.13 (50.15) | 0.5618 |
| Median | 27 (15–45) | 29 (16–50) | 23 (14–39) | 31.5 (20.5–46) | |
| AKI defined by%, n (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Increased SCr | 288 (76.19) | 132 (81.99) | 94 (64.83) | 62 (86.11) | |
| Diagnosis codes | 70 (18.52) | 28(17.39) | 35 (24.14 | 7(9.72 | |
| Diagnosis codes (missing SCr) | 20 (5.29) | 1 (0.62) | 16 (11.03) | 3 (4.17) | |
| Outcomes, n (%) | |||||
| In-hospital death | 127 (33.60) | 73 (54.66) | 15 (10.34) | 24 (33.33) | < 0.0001 |
| Renal function recovery$, n | 251 | 134 | 122 | 48 | |
| SCr at hospital discharge, n (%) | 0.0055 | ||||
| Not recovery (≥ 1.5 ×) | 23 (9.16) | 11 (15.07) | 5 (3.84) | 7 (14.58) | |
| Recovery (1.2 × to < 1.5 ×) | 18 (7.17) | 8 (10.96) | 9 (6.92) | 1 (2.08) | |
| No change (< 1.2 ×) | 189 (75.30) | 53 (72.60) | 100 (76.92) | 36 (75.00) | |
| Missing | 21 (8.37) | 1 (1.37) | 4 (8.33) | 16 (12.31) | |
CKRT continuous kidney replacement therapy, HD hemodialysis, PD peritoneal dialysis, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU intensive care unit, VIS vasoactive inotropic score (dopamine dose (mcg/kg/min) + dobutamine dose (mcg/kg/min) + 100 × epinephrine dose (mcg/kg/min) + 10 × milrinone dose (mcg/kg/min) + 10,000 × vasopressin dose (units/kg/min) + 100 × norepinephrine dose (mcg/kg/min), SCr serum creatinine level.
*P value indicates difference among three dialysis modality groups.
#Number of patients prescribed with vasopressin = 0.
%AKI defined by SCr-based criteria during hospital stay or diagnosis codes at hospital discharge with and without (missing) SCr data.
$Renal function recovery in survivors based on discharge/admission SCr: ≥ 1.5 (no recovery), 1.2- 1.5 (recovery), and < 1.2 (no change).