Table 1.

The biological roles of PRMTs.

Substrate	Residues	Enzymes	Function	Ref
Transcription-histone methylation
H4	R3me2a	PRMT1	Transcription activation	140,141
		PRMT3	Transcription activation	142
	R3me2s	PRMT5	Transcription repression	143–145
H3	R2me2a	PRMT6	Transcription repression	146,147
	R2me2s	PRMT5	Transcription activation	79
	R8me2a	PRMT2	Transcription activation	148
	R8me2s	PRMT5	Transcription repression	97,149
	R17/R26me2a	CARM1	Transcription activation	150–152
	R42me2a	CARM1/PRMT6	Transcription activation	153
H2A	R29me2a	PRMT6	Transcription repression	154
Transcription–transcription factors
STAT1	R31	PRMT1	Activates STAT1 transactivity	155
C/EBPα	R35/156/165	PRMT1	Blocks the interaction with its corepressor, HDAC3	156
RUNX1	R206/210	PRMT1	Interferes with binding to SIN3A	157
FOXO1	R248/250	PRMT1	Stabilizes the FOXO1 protein	158
MyoD	R121	PRMT1	Increases MyoD transactivity	159
Nrf2	R437	PRMT1	Increases DNA-binding affinity and transactivity	160
Twist1	R34	PRMT1	Facilitates repressive activity at the E-cadherin promoter	68
p65/RelA	R30	PRMT1	Inhibits its own DNA-binding affinity	161
GLI1	R597	PRMT1	Enhances the recruitment of GLI1 to target gene promoters	67
CBP/p300	R714/742/768/2104/2151	CARM1	Enhances the HAT activity of CBP/p300	162–165
Sox2	R113	CARM1	Increases Sox2 transactivity	166
FoxO3	—	CARM1	Increases FoxO3 transactivity	167
Sox9	—	CARM1	Disrupts the binding between Sox9 and β-catenin	168
MED12	R1862/1912	CARM1	Suppresses p21WAF1 transcription	75
p65/RelA	R30	PRMT5	Enhances the transactivation of NF-κB	169
p64/RelA	R174	PRMT5	Increases TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced CXCL11 gene expression	170
GLI1	R990/1018	PRMT5	Promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of GLI1	171
HOXA9	R140	PRMT5	Increases transactivation of HOXA9 in the E-selectin promoter	172
GLI2	R225/227	PRMT7	Dissociates GLI2 from SUFU	173
mRNA splicing/alternative splicing
Sm D1, D3, B/B'	SDMA	PRMT5	Enhances binding with SMN	26,174–176
SmB/B’	ADMA	CARM1	Unknown	177,178
CA150		CARM1	Enhances binding with SMN	178
LSm4		PRMT5	Promotes interaction with HAT1-RBBP7	179,180
Coilin		PRMT5	Mediates SMN localization in the Cajal body	28,181
fibrillarin		PRMT1	Facilitates interaction with SMN	182
GAR1		PRMT1	Facilitates interaction with SMN	182
hnRNP A2		PRMT1	Regulates cytosolic/nucleus localization	183
hnRNAP Q		PRMT1	Regulates cytosolic/nucleus localization	184
hnRNP K		PRMT1	Promotes the interaction with c-Src	185
RBM15	R578	PRMT1	Promotes ubiquitination by E3 ligase CNOT4	186
KSRP		CARM1	Enhances interaction with SMN	187
ZNF326	R175	PRMT5	Regulates alternative splicing process	188
SAP145	R508	PRMT9	Promotes interaction with SMN and U2 snRNP maturation	189,190
Translation
AVEN		PRMT1	Regulates translation in G-quadruplexes harboring mRNA	191
TOP3B	R833/835	PRMT1/3/6	Localizes to stress granules	192
rpS3	R64/65/67	PRMT1	Promotes ribosome assembly	193
rpS2		PRMT3	Inhibits ubiquitin-dependent degradation of rpS2	194,195
PABP1		CARM1	Unknown	196
hnRNP A1	R218	PRMT5	Controls IRES-dependent translation	197
RPS10	R158/160	PRMT5	Regulates the assembly of ribosomes	198
eIF2a	R54	PRMT7	Regulates stress granule formation	199
Cell signaling
EGFR	R1175	PRMT5	Promotes association with SHP1 phosphatase	200
	R198/200	PRMT1	Increases binding affinity for EGF leading to dimerization of EGFR	66
CRAF	R563	PRMT5	Regulates degradation of CRAF	201
	R100	PRMT6	Regulates the binding affinity for RAS	202
p38 MAPK	R70	PRMT7	Enhances p38 MAPK activation	203
ASK1	R78/80	PRMT1	Promotes the association with thioredoxin	204
	R89	PRMT5	Promotes AKT-mediated Ser83 phosphorylation of ASK1	205
Smad6	R74	PRMT1	Facilitates the dissociation of Smad6 from type I receptors	135
Smad7	R57/67	PRMT1	Facilitates the dissociation of Smad7 from type I receptors	134
Cell cycle
CDK4	R55/73/82/163	PRMT1	Inhibits CDK-Cyclin D3 complex formation	31
INCENP	R887	PRMT1	Facilitates interaction with AURKB	32
UBAP2L	RGG/RG motif	PRMT1	Promotes alignment of chromosomes in metaphase	33
H3	R2me2a	PRMT6	Recruits AURKB/CPC to chromosome arm during mitosis	43
DNA damage response
MRE11	GAR motif	PRMT1	Activates exonuclease activity and recruits factors to damaged DNA	44,45
53BP1	GAR motif	PRMT1	Increases DNA-binding affinity	47,48
		PRMT5	Stabilizes the 53BP1 protein	63
DNA polymerase β	R137	PRMT1	Interferes with binding with PCNA	50
FEN1	R192	PRMT1	Interaction with PCNA and localization to damaged DNA foci	51
Rad9	R172/174/175	PRMT5	Activation of CHK1 signaling	55
p53	R333/335/337	PRMT5	Regulation of promoter selectivity	57,58
E2F1	R111/113	PRMT5	Downregulation of E2F1 protein stability	59,206
KLF4	R374/376/377	PRMT5	Inhibition of VHL-mediated ubiquitination	60
RUVBL1	R205	PRMT5	Increase in TIP60-dependent chromosome acetylation	61
p300/CBP	R754	CARM1	Recognition by BRCA1 and p21WAF1 induction	54