Table 1.
The study characteristics.
| Study/ Country (study period) (REF) | Study type/SKT | Vitiligo |
Controls |
Matching | Vitamin D |
NOS | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (M/F) | Age | Type | DD | N (M/F) | Age (y) | Sample/Method | Units (change) | Vit-D | Vitiligo (n) |
Controls (n) |
||||||||
| Def | In-Suf | Suf | Def | In-Suf | Suf | |||||||||||||
| Aly et al., 2017/Egypt (Nov–Dec 2015)5 | Cross-sectional/III, IV | 30 (9/21) | 30.23 | Nonsegmental; Vulgaris Acrofacial Focal |
5.83y | 40 (19/21) | 35.38 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | (<10, 10–30, ≥30 ng/mL) | 5 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 6 | 8 |
| Amon et al., 2018/US (Jul 2015–Jun 2016)6 | Retrospective/NC | 113 (57/56) | 38.2 | NC | NA | 71 (17/54) | 49.2 | NC | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | (≤20 ng/mL, NA, NA) | 46 | NA | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 5 |
| Beheshti et al., 2014/Iran (Mar–Jun 2012)37 | Cross-sectional/III, IV | 100 (42/58) | 28.7 | Vulgaris | 5y | No control group | Serum/EIA | nmoL/L | (<25, 25–47, 47.7–144 nmoL/L) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 | ||
| Cerman et al., 2014/Turkey (Nov 2012–Mar 2013)7 | Cross-sectional/NC | 44 (27/17) | 33.64 | NA | 60.55m | 58 (34/24) | 32.55 | Age, sex, BMI | Serum/LCMS | ng/mL (SL) | (≤20 ng/mL, NA, NA) | 31 | NA | NA | 19 | NA | NA | 8 |
| Deepthi & Geetharani 2018/India (Dec16–May 17)8 | Dissertation/III, IV | 120 (59/61) | 37.6 | Segmental, Vulgaris, universal, focal, acrofacial | ≤5 to ≥21 y | 60 (29/31) | 36.2 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | (≤20, 20–30, >30 ng/mL) | 70 | 28 | 22 | 22 | 12 | 26 | 6 |
| Doss et al., 2015/Egypt (Jun–Sep 2013)9 | Case-control/ IV | 30 (20/10) | 32.5 | Universal Generalized Localized |
58.4 m | 30 (16/14) | 28.0 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | (≤20, 20–30, ≥30 ng/mL) | 8 | 12 | 10 | 0 | 1 | 29 | 7 |
| El-Hanbuli et al., 2018/Egypt (Jun–Sep 2016)10 | Case-control/ IV | 30 (16/14) | 29.53 | NA | 14.87 m | 30 (16/14) | 29.53 | Age, sex, skin type | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | (<12, 12–20, >20 ng/mL) | 20 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 30 | 7 |
| Farag et al., 2018/Egypt (Mar–Jun 2016)11 | Case-control/III, IV | 50 (18/32) | 28.76 | Acrofacial Generalized |
3.5y | 25 (10/15) | 28.16 | Age, sex, skin type | Serum/ELISA | nmoL/L (SL) | (<25, 25–74, ≥75 nmoL/L) | 40 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 2 | 6 |
| Firjani 2019/Egypt12 | Case-control/NC | 21 | NA | NA | NA | 21 | NA | Age, sex | Serum/NC | ng/mL (SL) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4 |
| Hassan et al., 2019/India13 | Case-control/NC | 100 (39/61) | 28.66 | NC | 3.81y | 100 (40/60) | NA | Age, sex | Plasma/CLIA | ng/mL (SL) | (<20, 20–30, ≥30 ng/mL) | 75 | 15 | 10 | 19 | 35 | 46 | 7 |
| Ibrahim et al., 2018/Egypt (Dec 2015–Dec 2016)14 | Case-control/ III, IV | 80 (40/40) | 34.27 | NC | NA | 20 (10/10) | 35.20 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | nmoL/L (SL) | (<10, 10–29, >30 ng/mL) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 7 |
| Karagün et al., 2016/Turkey (Dec 2013–Mar 2014)15 | Case-control/ NC | 50 (28/22) | 30.96 | Generalized | 2–25y | 47 (30/17) | 31.45 | Age, sex, skin type | Serum/NC | ng/mL (ND) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 |
| Khodair et al., 2019/Egypt (Mar–Jun 2018)16 | Cross-sectional/II–V | 30 (6/24) | 30.7 | Localized Generalized |
4.5 y | 30 (10/20) | 30.3 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | NA | 0 | 22 | 8 | 0 | 11 | 19 | 6 |
| Khurrum et al., 2016/Saudi Arabia (Jan 2011–Dec 2012)17 | Case-control/NC | 150 (90/60) | 30.6 | Generalized Acral Focal |
8m | 150 (76/74) | 30.7 | Age, sex | Serum/CLIA | ng/mL (ND) | (<10, 10–30, ≥30 ng/mL) | 137 | 0 | 13 | 136 | 0 | 14 | 8 |
| Liu et al., 2014/China18 | Case-control/NC | 86 | 19–56 | NA | NC | 30 | 19–56 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | nmoL/L (ND) | (<25, 25–47.6, 47.4–250 nmoL/L) | 32 | 44 | 10 | 5 | 19 | 6 | 6 |
| Ochoa-Ramírez et al., 2019/Mexico19 | Case-control/NC | 173 (81/92) | 18–45 | Disseminated (generalized, universal), Localized (focal, acrofacial). | NA | 184 | NA | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 |
| Omidian & Asadian 2018/Iran (Apr 2015–Mar 2016)20 | Clinical trial/NC | 30 (12/18) | 36.93 | Generalized | NA | 30 (11/19) | 32.03 | Age, sex | Serum/ECL | nmoL/L (SL) | (≤10, 10–29, 30–100 nmoL/L) | 14 | 13 | 3 | 18 | 10 | 2 | 7 |
| Pillai & Dinachandran 2019/India (Jan–Apr 2018)21 | Case-control/NC | 50 (27/23) | 30.96 | Generalized | 2–25y | 50 (30/20) | 31.45 | Age, sex, skin type | Serum/NC | ng/mL (ND) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 7 |
| Prakash & Karthikeyan 2017/India (Oct 2014–May 2016)22 | Case-control/V | 45 (26/19) | 43.78 | Vulgaris Acrofacial Focal |
51.04 m | 45 | NA | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (ND) | (<20, 20–30, >30 ng/mL) | 23 | 22 | 0 | 21 | 21 | 3 | 6 |
| Ramalingam & Tang 2018/ Malaysia (Jul–Dec 2014)23 | Cross-sectional/I–IV | 93 (46/47) | 40.43 | Non-segmental | 3y | 87 (43/44) | 39.95 | Age, sex, race, BMI | Serum/NC | ng/mL (ND) | (≤20, 20–30, >30 ng/mL) | 37 | 29 | 27 | 42 | 23 | 22 | 7 |
| Saleh et al., 2013/Egypt (Apr–Jun 2011)24 | Case-control/III–IV | 40 (18/22) | 34.1 | Nonsegmental | 3.5 y | 40 (18/22) | 34.2 | Age, sex, skin type, Vit-D intake | Serum/RIA | ng/mL (SL) | (≤20, 20–30, ≥30 ng/mL) | 39 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 33 | 7 |
| Saniee et al., 2019/Iran (Spring and summer 2017)25 | case control/III–IV | 98 (50/48) | 30.06 | NC | 34.65m | 98 (53/45) | 29.45 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (ND) | (<10, 10–30, >30 ng/mL) | 17 | 53 | 28 | 17 | 46 | 35 | 6 |
| Sanjay & Raval 2019/India (1 yr period)26 | Cross sectional/NC | 25 (15/10) | 23.0 | Focal Generalized Acrofacial Mucosal |
NA | 25 (16/9) | 24.12 | Age, sex | Serum/ECL | ng/mL (ND) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4 |
| Sehrawat et al., 2014/India27 | Clinical study/IV–V | 30 (10/20) | 31.33 | Generalized | 10.47y | 30 (10/20) | NA | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | nmoL/L (SL) | (<25, 25–74, 75–250 nmoL/L) | 24 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 27 | 0 | 6 |
| Shalaby et al., 2017/Egypt (Dec 2014–Jun 2016)34 | Case-control/NC | 40 (30/10) | 28.70 | Non-segmental | 4.7y | 40 (25/15) | 32.95 | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | nmoL/L (SL) | (<10, 10–30, >30 ng/mL) | 8 | 22 | 10 | 0 | 4 | 36 | 6 |
| Sobeih et al., 2016/Egypt (Jul–Dec 2013)28 | Case-control/ III–V | 75 | 31.5 | Vulgaris Acrofacial Segmental |
5.5 y | 75 | NA | Age, sex | Serum/ELISA | ng/mL (SL) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 |
| Srirama 2016/India (4 m period)29 | Case-control/NC | 30 (11/19) | 43.9 | Clinical | 2–5y | 30 (11/19) | 49.8 | Age, sex | Serum/CLIA | ng/mL (SL) | (<20, 20–30, >30 ng/mL) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5 |
| Takci et al., 2015/Turkey (Winter: Nov 2011–Feb 2012)30 | Case-control/II, III | 44 (24/20) | 34.5 | Vulgaris Generalized Localized |
38.8m | 43 (10/33) | 33.0 | Age, sex, skin type | Plasma/RIA | ng/mL (SL) | (<20, 20–30, >30 ng/mL) | 32 | NA | NA | 13 | NA | NA | 7 |
| Ustun et al., 2014/Turkey (b/w 2010–2011)31 | Cross-sectional/II, III | 25 (13/12) | 33.9 | Vulgaris | 5.36y | 41 (20/21) | 34.7 | Age, sex, skin type | Serum/CLIA | ng/mL (ND) | (<20, 21–29, 30–100 ng/mL) | 20 | 5 | 0 | 34 | 6 | 1 | 8 |
| Watabe et al., 2018/Japan (Sep 2015–Jan 2016)32 | RCT/III, IV | 45 | 50.89 | Vulgaris | NC | 45 | Age matched | Age | Serum/ NC | ng/mL (SL) | (<20, 20–30, >30 ng/mL) | 30 | 12 | 3 | 17 | 20 | 8 | 8 |
| Xu et al., 2012/China (Mar–May 2011)33 | Case-control/NC | 171 (80/91) | 34.1 | Segmental, Non-segmental; generalized, universal, focal, halo nevi |
NC | 93 | 34.6 | Age, sex | Serum/NC | nmol/L (ND) | (<25, 25–75, >75 nmoL/L) | 57 | 114 | 0 | 57 | 36 | 0 | 7 |
| Xu et al., 2012/China (Sep–Oct 2010)33 | Case-control/NC | 30 | NA | Segmental, Non-segmental; generalized, universal, focal, halo nevi |
NC | 20 | NA | Age, sex | Serum/NC | nmol/L (ND) | (<25, 25–75, >75 nmoL/L) | 3 | 27 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 0 | 7 |
NC, Not Clear; NA, Not Available; ND, No Difference; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; SL, Significantly Lower; DD, Disease Duration; SKT, Fitzpatrick Skin Types; y, years; M, Male; F, Female; n, Sample size; Def, Deficiency; In-Suf, Insufficiency; Suf, Sufficiency.