Table 2.
Serial echocardiographic follow-up for CHD and comparison of frequency after six months.
| Variables | Baseline | 6 months | 12 months | 24 months | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole newborns (n = 2528) | |||||
| ASD, % (n) | 9.8% (247) | 27.5% (68)a | 13.0% (32)b | 6.5% (16)c | <0.001 |
| PFO, % (n) | 71.3% (1803) | 5.0% (90)a | 1.2% (22)b | 0.4% (8)b | <0.001 |
| PDA, % (n) | 30.7% (776) | 1.3% (10) | 0.8% (6) | – | 0.250 |
| VSD, % (n) | 3.4% (86) | 30.2% (26)a | 12.8% (11)b | 9.3% (8)b | <0.001 |
| PFO/PDA (n = 574) | |||||
| ASD, % (n) | 1.2% (7) | 14.3% (1) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | – |
| PFO, % (n) | 100% (574) | 8.5% (49)a | 1.6% (9)b | 0.2% (1)b | <0.001 |
| PDA, % (n) | 100% (574) | 0.7% (4) | 0.5% (3) | – | 1.000 |
| VSD, % (n) | 2.3% (13) | 15.4% (2) | 7.7% (1) | 0% (0) | 0.223 |
| PFO alone (n = 1229) | |||||
| ASD, % (n) | 0.1% (1) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | – |
| PFO, % (n) | 100% (1229) | 3.3% (40)a | 1.1% (13)b | 0.6% (7)b | <0.001 |
| PDA, % (n) | 0% (0) | 25.0% (1) | 0% (0) | – | – |
| VSD, % (n) | 1.9% (23) | 39.1% (9)a | 17.4% (4)b | 17.4% (4)b | 0.007 |
| PDA alone (n = 202) | |||||
| ASD, % (n) | 38.1% (77) | 36.4% (28)a | 18.2% (14)b | 9.1% (7)b | <0.001 |
| PFO, % (n) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | – |
| PDA, % (n) | 100% (202) | 2.5% (5) | 1.5% (3) | – | 0.500 |
| VSD, % (n) | 59.4% (12) | 25.0% (3) | 8.3% (1) | 0% (0) | 0.097 |
| Non-PFO/non-PDA (n = 518) | |||||
| ASD, % (n) | 30.7% (159) | 24.5% (39)a | 11.3% (18)b | 5.7% (9)b | <0.001 |
| PFO, % (n) | 0% (0) | 2.0% (1)* | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | – |
| PDA, % (n) | 0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | – | – |
| VSD, % (n) | 7.1% (37) | 32.4% (12)a | 13.5% (5)b | 10.8% (4)b | 0.001 |
Data are expressed as percentage (number). The fractions at 6, 12 and 24 months indicate number of congenital defects at 6-, 12- and 24-month follow-up divided by that at baseline, respectively.
Difference in alphabetic characters (a, b, c) in superscript indicates statistical significance of p-value after comparison.
*One child was incidentally found to have PFO that was not identified on the neonatal echocardiographic examination.
Abbreviations: ASD: atrial septal defect; PFO: patent foramen ovale; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; VSD: ventricular septal defect; CHD: congenital heart disease.