Table 1.

Study on the correlation of TMS in DN branch fields

DN related clinical problems and research direction	Research type	TMS		TMS-DN
		Core content	Reference	Core content	Reference
Diagnostic techniques	Multiple combination technique	EEG/fMRI	Huang et al. (2017); Du et al. (2018); Che et al. (2019); Gerard et al. (2020)	–
	Application	Addictive drugs-synaptic plasticity	Corticospinal/intracortical	Toepp et al. (2019)
Nerve injury	Application	Hippocampal	Arisa et al. (2004)	–	–
		Subventriculsar zone	Cuccurazzu et al. (2010)
		White matter	Sherafat et al. (2012)
	Mechanism	BDNF GluR1	Gersner et al. (2011)
		BDNF-TrkB	Wang et al. (2011)
		Dopamine	Villaecimar et al. (2012)
		BDNF	Deveci et al. (2020)
Pain	Application	Centrally/peripherally originated neuropathic pain	Johnson et al. (2006);	Motor cortex (H-coil)	Onesti et al. (2013)
			Lefaucheur et al. (2008);
			Leung et al. (2009);	Motor cortex (8-coil)	Abdelkader et al. (2019)
			Gustin et al. (2014)
	Mechanism	Synaptic plasticity	Antonino et al. (2016)	–
Depressive symptom	Application	Relief symptom	Fox et al. (2013)	–
		Pain related	Cardinalet al. (2019)
DAN	Application	Neuro-cardiac-guided	Kaur et al. (2020)	Brain-kidneys	Rosaria et al. (2014)
Pathomechanism (oxidative stress)	Application	High-frequency	Tunez et al. (2006);	–
			Medina et al. (2017)
	Mechanism	Low-frequemcy	Sandrini et al. (2011);
			Tasseta et al. (2013)

BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DAN: diabetic autonomic neuropathy; DN: diabetic neuropathy; EEG: electroencephalography; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation; TMS-DN: application of TMS in DN; TrkB: tyrosine receptor kinase B.