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. 2020 Nov 16;16(5):916–923. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.297090

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Acupuncture treatment attenuates D-galactose-induced spatial memory deficits.

PEA, PMA and PEA + inhibitor treatment ameliorated spatial learning and memory deficits in rats with D-galactose-induced aging, and PEA treatment was more effective than PMA or PEA + inhibitor treatment. (A) Representative swimming trajectories to find the hidden platform in place navigation trials (upper) and paths in the spatial probe trial (lower) of the Morris water maze. (B) Quantitative results of escape latency in the place navigation trials. (C) Quantitative results of target quadrant time in the spatial probe trials. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 12). **P < 0.01, vs. control group; ▲▲P < 0.01, vs. model group; ##P < 0.01, vs. PEA group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test). Control: Normal; Model: D-galactose-induced aging; PEA + inhibitor: D-galactose-induced aging + preventive electroacupuncture + 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase); Inhibitor: D-galactose-induced aging + 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine; PMA: D-galactose-induced aging + preventive manual acupuncture; PEA: D-galactose-induced aging + preventive electroacupuncture.