Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of Participants in the African Breast Cancer—Disparities in Outcomes Study, Overall and by Study Site, 2014–2018^a

			Study Site
	Total   (n = 1,490)		Namibia(n = 481)		Nigeria(n = 387)		Uganda(n = 421)		Zambia(n = 201)
Characteristic	No.	% b	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Age at diagnosis, yearsc	50.3 (13.7)		53.4 (14.7)		48.7 (12.3)		48.3 (12.7)		49.9 (14.8)
Age group, years
<35.0	183	12	46	10	51	13	56	13	30	15
35.0–44.9	390	26	99	21	117	30	123	29	51	25
45.0–54.9	420	28	130	27	106	27	129	31	55	27
55.0–64.9	269	18	102	21	72	19	65	15	30	15
≥65.0	228	15	104	22	41	11	48	11	35	17
Age, yearsc	50.3 (13.7)		53.4 (14.7)		48.7 (12.3)		48.3 (12.7)		49.9 (14.8)
Tumor stage
I or II	512	34	211	44	89	23	144	34	68	34
III	672	45	202	42	209	54	178	42	83	41
IV	207	14	68	14	61	16	65	15	13	6
Missing data	99	7	0	0	28	7	34	8	37	18
Socioeconomic positiond
Low	655	44	170	35	167	43	248	59	70	35
Medium	501	34	173	36	166	43	89	21	73	36
High	334	22	138	29	54	14	84	20	58	29
Distance to hospital, kme	67 (6–289)		375 (83–572)		7 (2–30)		90 (15–193)		210 (8–417)
HIV-positive	146	10	56	12	9	2	48	11	33	16
Any non-HIV comorbidityf	754	51	256	53	294	76	131	31	73	36
Urban residency	797	53	307	64	250	65	110	26	130	65
Knowing someone with breast cancer	672	45	246	51	179	46	205	50	42	21
Not married	736	49	301	63	126	33	223	53	86	43
Lower educational levelg	1,171	79	392	82	250	65	370	88	159	79
Unskilled employmenth,i	1,036	70	309	66	254	66	320	76	153	76
Belief that breast cancer istreatable	801	54	380	79	124	32	164	39	133	66
Belief in spiritual medicinei	1,023	70	349	78	298	77	202	48	174	87
Belief in traditional medicinei	362	25	60	13	88	23	162	38	52	26

Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.

^a Participating hospitals in each country were as follows: Namibia—AB May Cancer Care Centre and Windhoek Central Hospital; Nigeria—Federal Medical Center Owerri, Abia State University Teaching Hospital, and Marantha Clinic, Aba; Uganda—Mulago Hospital and Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala; Zambia—University Teaching Hospital and Cancer Diseases Hospital, Lusaka.

^b Column percentages.

^c Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation).

^d Low, medium, and high socioeconomic position were calculated, by country, as tertiles of a socioeconomic position score (range, 1–10) based on the following self-reported possessions and facilities: home ownership; indoor water; flush toilet; electricity; vehicle; refrigerator; landline telephone; gas or electric stove; and bed.

^e Values are expressed as median (interquartile range).

^f Assessed comorbid conditions included hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hepatitis, heart disease, anemia, asthma, and tuberculosis.

^g Lower than tertiary level.

^h Including 277 housewives.

ⁱ Values were missing in Namibia due to a data collection error. There were 12 missing values for employment and 33 missing values each for belief in spiritual medicine and belief in traditional medicine.