Table 1.

Wolf presence reduces the economic losses from DVCs

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Net effect	Behavioral effect	Population effect
Change in DVCs
Percent	−23.7%	−17.4%	−6.3%
No.	−38	−28	−10
Economic value	$375,972	$275,715	$100,257

Notes: The wolf effect operates through changes in: (1) both deer population and deer behavior, (2) deer behavior only, and (3) deer population only.