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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Invest Dermatol. 2020 Jun 30;141(1):152–163. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.114

Figure 1. Phenformin suppresses tumor growth and induces tumor cell differentiation in mouse skin.

Figure 1.

a: Scheme of the DMBA/TPA two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model; mice were treated with phenformin (Phen) or with the vehicle control starting from week 13. b: Effects of phenformin on tumor progression; average volumes of all tumors on each mouse were calculated; data shown are means ± SEM of all mice (n=10) in each group. c-j: H&E (c) and immunofluorescence analyses (e, g, i) of tumors collected at 25 wks. Staining of the differentiation markers CK1, CK10 and loricrin are shown in red. DAPI (blue) stain identifies nuclei. d: Quantification of highly differentiated (H), medium differentiated (M) and low differentiated (L) tumors based on analysis of H&E staining (c) of tumors in the control and phenformin-treated groups. f, h, j: Quantification of relative expression levels of CK1, CK10 and loricrin, respectively. c-j: Tumors from six mice in each group were used for the quantitative analysis (n=6). * P<0.05, **P<0.01 by two-way ANOVA in b,c, and by Student’s two tailed t-test for others. All scale bars = 100 μm.