Various inorganic–inorganic nanohybrid systems for photo-therapy applications.

Specific application	Materials	Highlights	Remarks	Ref.
PTT	Iron oxide/gold core–shell nano-nanohybrids	Magnetic core with an average diameter of 22 nm and Au shell with ∼5 nm thickness uniformly covers the magnetic core. The hydrodynamic diameter of Fe2O3@Au measured by DLS shows that the effective diameter of the NPs is ∼37 nm	Improved magnetically targeted thermotherapy against a BALB/c mice bearing a CT26 colorectal tumor model	140
PTT	Silica/gold with a thermo-sensitive gel	For imaging-guided interventional therapy in patient-derived xenograft of pancreatic cancer	Imaging-guided interventional therapy, clinical thinking of surgical resection and postoperative chemotherapy, single administration and exemption from repeated punctures, no recurrence, multimodality imaging and omnidirectional treatment	143
PTT	Co–P/MnO2/mSiO2	MRI-guided effective PTT	Dual modal T1/T2 MRI-guided effective PTT along with pH sensitivity and demonstrated on a 4T1 (mouse mammary gland, epithelial cancer cell line) bearing mouse model	142
PTT	Se@SiO2–FA–CuS nanohybrids	Size-Se@SiO2 nanospheres had a uniform size of about 66 (composite particle size was not mentioned) zeta-Se@SiO2–FA–CuS/DOX (19.2 mV). Since the loaded DOX has fluorescence, it can be used for cellular imaging purposes.	Improved chemo-thermotherapy against epithelioid human cervix carcinoma cell line (HeLa cells)	144
PTT	Gold nanostar-coated hollow mesoporous silica	All in one for (1) ultra sound (US), (2) PTT, (3) CT and (4) PAI	Improved efficacy on a C6 (rat glioma cell line) tumor model.	145
PTT	Iron-doped copper sulfide hybrid NPs (CuFeS4)	(PA) imaging and PTT, MRI	Cu5FeS4-PEG exhibits a high tumor uptake (∼10% ID g−1) after intravenous injection. In vitro and in vivo cancer treatment further confirmed that Cu5FeS4-PEG could act as a novel therapeutic agent for PTT towards a mouse mammary gland cancer cell line, 4T1 tumor bearing mouse model	146
PTT	Reduced graphene/Au nanostars	Effective killing of micro-organisms (bacteria) – methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Significant enhancement in bactericidal efficiency, (complete death) by hyperthermic effect of rGO/AuNS	147
PTT/PDT	Gd oxide–gold nanoclusters hybrid	Simultaneous PTT/PDT/CT/NIRF/MRI	In vivo therapeutic studies are not given, though they showed triple modal imaging in vivo	148
PTT/PDT	Ultrasmall MoS2 nanodot-doped biodegradable SiO2 nanoparticles hybridized with Clorin-e6 (Ce6) and HA	Clearable FL/CT/MSOT imaging-guided PTT/PDT combination tumor therapy against a mouse mammary gland cancer cell line, 4T1 tumor bearing mouse model	Detailed toxicity of such NPs is not given in the manuscript	149
PTT	NaBiF4: Gd@PDA@PEG nanomaterials	Real-time temperature in vivo monitoring for MR-guided imaging	In vivo toxicity is needed for such composite nanohybrids	150
PTT	Albumin–Gd–CuS	9 nm sized NPs were tested for their multimodal imaging in vitro/in vivo using a SKOV3 (human adenocarcinoma cell line)/tumor model	Simultaneous MRI, PA and PTT possible and in vivo studies on a SKOV3 tumor model showed excellent anticancer effects. However, long-term toxicity data needed	151
PTT/PDT	Ce6-modified carbon dots	Mean hydrodynamic diameters of RCDs and Ce6-RCDs are found to be around 9.8 and 9.9 nm, respectively	Multimodal-imaging-guided and single-NIR-laser-triggered photothermal/photodynamic synergistic cancer therapy on mouse mammary gland cancer cell line, 4T1 model	152
PDT	Biodegradable hollow MoSe2/Fe3O4 anospheres	The particle size (400–150 nm) and the shell thickness (40–20 nm) were further adjusted by the addition of F-127	PDT-enhanced agent for multimode CT/MR/IR imaging and synergistic antitumor therapy on an H22, mouse liver tumor bearing model	153
PTT	Clearable black phosphorus nanoconjugate	∼7 nm particle size	For targeted cancer phototheranostics on a mouse mammary gland cancer cell line, 4T1 model	154
PTT	Coated carbon nanospheres with patchy gold	For production of highly efficient photothermal agent	Improved therapeutic benefits on a human breast tumor model (MCF7)	155
PTT	Mn-porphyrin metal–organic frameworks	The size of NMOFs was 60 × 140 nm (TEM)	MRI-guided nitric oxide and PTT synergistic therapy on a human breast tumor (MCF7) model	156
PTT	PB@Au core–satellite multifunctional nanotheranostics	CSNPs have 138.8 nm particle size and −10 mV zeta potential	MR/CT imaging, in vivo and synergetic photothermal and radiosensitive therapy have been confirmed on a mouse mammary gland cancer cell line, 4T1 tumor model	157
PTT	Gd/CuS-loaded functional nanogels	These composite NPs are 85 nm sized and have specific targeting capability for FA over-expressing cancer cells	MRI/PAI-guided tumor-targeted PTT has been tested on human papilloma cancer cell line, KB bearing BALB/c mice.	158
PTT	Carbon dots/Prussian blue satellite/core nanocomposites	50 nm as overall size	The therapeutic effects were tested on a rat brain cancer cell line, C6 glioma bearing mouse model	159
PTT	Development of multifunctional clay-based nanomedicine	For elimination of primary invasive breast cancer and prevention of its lung metastasis and distant inoculation	The multifunctional clay medicine was studied on a mouse mammary gland cancer cell line, 4T1 bearing tumor model	160
PTT	Noncovalent ruthenium(ii) complexes–single-walled carbon nanotube composites infrared irradiation	The lengths of the Ru@SWCNTs ranged from 20 nm to several micrometers	Bimodal photothermal and photodynamic therapy tested on a human epitheloid cervix cancer cell line, HeLa tumor bearing mouse model	161