Fig. 1.

Stages of lunge-feeding near the surface (A). (Diagram adapted and used with permission from A. Boersma). Tag-measured speed profile by an 8 m humpback whale (Cade et al 2016), showing the swim speeds at the beginning of prey approach (U_start), the end of approach and onset of mouth opening (U_open), and moment of mouth closure (U_close). The kinematics and the mouth opening and closure occurrences shown in this frame is reflective of the majority of the krill-feeding lunge profiles analyzed in Cade et al 2016 (B). Forces on a on a whale during prey approach (top); and when coasting during engulfment (bottom), while using the momentum built-up during approach (Potvin et al. 2020) (C).