Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariable Analyses by Logistic Regression on Factors Associated With Mortality in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Who Had SARS-CoV-2 Infection/COVID-19
| Parameters | Univariate analysis |
Multivariable analysisa |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Hospital admission | ||||
| No | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 5.81 (2.79-12.11) | <.001 | 3.32 (1.43-7.70) | .005 |
| Age (per year) | 1.07 (1.06-1.09) | <.001 | 1.09 (1.07-1.11) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Referent | |||
| Male | 1.27 (0.89-1.81) | .189 | ||
| Race | ||||
| White | Referent | |||
| Black or African American | 0.87 (0.59-1.28) | .464 | ||
| Asian | 0.76 (0.16-3.57) | .727 | ||
| Other or declined to answerb | 0.63 (0.34-1.18) | .150 | ||
| Zip code region | ||||
| Baltimore City | Referent | |||
| Others | 2.61 (1.57-4.36) | <.001 | ||
| Health insurance | ||||
| Medicare/government/military | Referent | |||
| Medicaid/MA MCO | 0.22 (0.11-0.46) | <.001 | ||
| Commercial | 0.26 (0.16-0.44) | <.001 | ||
| Self-pay or others | 0.73 (0.44-1.21) | .222 | ||
| Number of diabetic complications | ||||
| 0 | Referent | |||
| 1 | 1.03 (0.67-1.58) | .894 | ||
| ≥2 | 1.57 (0.55-4.45) | .397 | ||
| Body mass index | 1.00 (0.98-1.03) | .690 | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | .003 |
| HbA1c at COVID-19 diagnosis | 0.99 (0.91-1.08) | .765 | 1.12 (1.01-1.24) | .028 |
| Use of antidiabetic medications | ||||
| No medications | Referent | |||
| Noninsulin medications only | 0.61 (0.39-0.96) | .033 | ||
| Insulin only | 1.21 (0.74-1.98) | .445 | ||
| Insulin and noninsulin medications | 0.63 (0.36-1.11) | .111 | ||
| Presence of coronary artery disease | 1.40 (0.93-2.10) | .105 | ||
| Presence of hypertension | 1.54 (0.96-2.48) | .073 | ||
| Presence of hyperlipidemia | 1.11 (0.77-1.61) | .575 | 0.57 (0.35-0.92) | .022 |
| Presence of cerebrovascular accident | 1.37 (0.86-2.16) | .184 | ||
| Presence of chronic kidney disease | 1.99 (1.34-2.95) | .001 | ||
| Presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.48 (0.92-2.38) | .106 | ||
Abbreviations: aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; CoV = coronavirus; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; DPP-4 = dipeptidyl peptidase-4; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; MA MCO = Maryland Managed Care Organization; SARS = severe acute respiratory syndrome.
In the multivariable model, backward stepwise selection was used to select significant variables.
A total of 618 patients (125 outpatients and 493 inpatients) with complete data were included in the analysis. P value = .426 for the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, which did not indicate significant poor fit.
Other races included American Indian, Mixed, Alaskan, and non-Black Hispanic.