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. 2021 Jun 5;22:21. doi: 10.1186/s10195-021-00582-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Intraoperative images show an ulna atrophic nonunion with bone loss and consequent gap; b both groups of patients were treated with the standard surgery procedure consisting of removing nonviable bone tissue and reopening the medullary canal; c fractures were stabilized with plates and screws according to the AO principles and a cortical homoplastic stick to increase stability; d lyophilized bone chips were used to fill the gap; e preparation and f application of biological adjuvants (PRF and BMAC) in all patients of group B