Table 3.
Association between dietary supplement use and demographic, social, and health-related behavioral characteristics
| Any use of dietary supplementsa | Everyday use of dietary supplementsb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nc | OR | (95%CI) | nc | OR | (95%CI) | |||
| Grade | ||||||||
| 1 | 38 | 1.00 | (reference) | 16 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||
| 2 | 32 | 0.88 | (0.54, | 1.43) | 13 | 0.86 | (0.41, | 1.82) |
| 3 | 55 | 1.13 | (0.73, | 1.77) | 15 | 0.75 | (0.36, | 1.58) |
| 4 | 53 | 1.04 | (0.67, | 1.61) | 15 | 0.67 | (0.33, | 1.38) |
| 5 | 72 | 1.28 | (0.85, | 1.94) | 28 | 1.16 | (0.62, | 2.18) |
| 6 | 83 | 1.38 | (0.92, | 2.07) | 30 | 1.11 | (0.59, | 2.07) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 201 | 1.38 | (1.09, | 1.75) | 73 | 0.69 | (0.47, | 1.01) |
| Female | 132 | 1.00 | (reference) | 44 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||
| BMI categoryd | ||||||||
| Underweight | 38 | 0.75 | (0.52, | 1.07) | 13 | 0.69 | (0.38, | 1.25) |
| Normal-weight | 225 | 1.00 | (reference) | 83 | 1 | (reference) | ||
| Overweight | 70 | 0.99 | (0.73, | 1.33) | 21 | 0.84 | (0.50, | 1.40) |
| Frequency of sports participation | ||||||||
| Never | 52 | 1.00 | (reference) | 21 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||
| Once a week | 49 | 1.29 | (0.86, | 1.94) | 12 | 0.75 | (0.36, | 1.54) |
| 2–3 times/week | 145 | 1.86 | (1.33, | 2.58) | 47 | 1.46 | (0.86, | 2.47) |
| 4–6 times/week | 48 | 1.85 | (1.22, | 2.80) | 23 | 2.19 | (1.18, | 4.05) |
| Every day | 39 | 2.58 | (1.65, | 4.02) | 14 | 2.12 | (1.05, | 4.29) |
| Health status | ||||||||
| Poor or fair | 20 | 1.00 | (reference) | 42 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||
| Good | 102 | 1.29 | (0.97, | 1.72) | 31 | 1.16 | (0.72, | 1.87) |
| Very good | 95 | 1.61 | (1.21, | 2.13) | 35 | 1.52 | (0.95, | 2.41) |
| Excellent | 116 | 2.26 | (1.35, | 3.76) | 42 | 2.88 | (1.35, | 6.13) |
| Household income (10000Japanese yen/year) | ||||||||
| < 200 | 26 | 1.00 | (reference) | 9 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||
| 200 to < 400 | 37 | 0.81 | (0.48, | 1.36) | 9 | 0.57 | (0.23, | 1.46) |
| 400 to < 600 | 87 | 1.06 | (0.67, | 1.67) | 34 | 1.24 | (0.59, | 2.63) |
| 600 to < 800 | 91 | 1.37 | (0.86, | 2.17) | 30 | 1.36 | (0.63, | 2.94) |
| 800 to < 1000 | 38 | 0.99 | (0.59, | 1.68) | 11 | 0.87 | (0.35, | 2.15) |
| ≥ 1000 | 54 | 1.87 | (1.13, | 3.10) | 24 | 2.56 | (1.14, | 5.74) |
| Maternal educational level (years) | ||||||||
| ≤ 12 | 61 | 1.00 | (reference) | 25 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||
| 13 to 15 | 125 | 1.51 | (1.10, | 2.09) | 40 | 1.13 | (0.68, | 1.90) |
| ≥ 16 | 147 | 1.82 | (1.31, | 2.52) | 52 | 1.44 | (0.86, | 2.41) |
Multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for all other variables examined
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio
aAny use of dietary supplements was defined as dietary supplement use, regardless of frequency (n = 333)
bEveryday use of dietary supplements was defined as dietary supplement use every day (n = 117)
cNumber of dietary supplement users
dBMI was categorized as underweight, normal-weight, or overweight based on age- and sex-specific cut-off points defined by the International Obesity Task Force [28, 29]