Table 4.
Association between use of each type of dietary supplement and demographic, social, and health-related behavioral characteristics
| Amino acids or protein | n3-fatty acids | Botanicals | Probiotics | Multivitamins-minerals supplements | Multivitamins supplements | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | n | OR | (95%CI) | |||||||
| Grade | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 11 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 4 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
| 2 | 10 | 2.14 | (0.72, | 6.33) | 3 | 0.28 | (0.08, | 1.01) | 3 | 1.00 | (0.20, | 5.02) | 7 | 1.24 | (1.24, | 0.41) | 5 | 1.30 | (0.34, | 4.90) | 5 | 0.87 | (0.26, | 2.89) |
| 3 | 12 | 1.87 | (0.65, | 5.44) | 10 | 0.66 | (0.26, | 1.66) | 7 | 1.76 | (0.43, | 7.16) | 8 | 1.14 | (1.14, | 0.37) | 6 | 0.87 | (0.23, | 3.28) | 6 | 0.84 | (0.26, | 2.76) |
| 4 | 12 | 1.79 | (0.62, | 5.16) | 9 | 0.60 | (0.24, | 1.46) | 8 | 2.15 | (0.56, | 8.22) | 7 | 0.87 | (0.87, | 0.29) | 4 | 0.80 | (0.20, | 3.24) | 9 | 1.11 | (0.39, | 3.16) |
| 5 | 14 | 1.78 | (0.63, | 5.02) | 11 | 0.64 | (0.27, | 1.50) | 9 | 2.00 | (0.53, | 7.52) | 9 | 0.95 | (0.95, | 0.33) | 7 | 1.31 | (0.38, | 4.56) | 9 | 0.87 | (0.30, | 2.56) |
| 6 | 15 | 1.83 | (0.65, | 5.11) | 10 | 0.53 | (0.22, | 1.28) | 8 | 1.75 | (0.46, | 6.73) | 10 | 1.02 | (1.02, | 0.36) | 15 | 2.53 | (0.83, | 7.77) | 7 | 0.69 | (0.23, | 2.09) |
| Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Male | 50 | 2.40 | (1.38, | 4.18) | 28 | 0.97 | (0.56, | 1.69) | 21 | 1.17 | (0.60, | 2.25) | 26 | 1.03 | (0.57, | 1.86) | 20 | 0.93 | (0.50, | 1.75) | 23 | 1.03 | (0.55, | 1.95) |
| Female | 18 | 1.00 | (reference) | 26 | 1.00 | (reference) | 17 | 1.00 | (reference) | 21 | 1.00 | (reference) | 21 | 1.00 | (reference) | 19 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
| BMI categorya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Underweight | 8 | 0.77 | (0.36, | 1.65) | 7 | 0.88 | (0.39, | 2.02) | 3 | 0.53 | (0.16, | 1.75) | 6 | 0.81 | (0.34, | 1.96) | 8 | 1.86 | (0.80, | 4.31) | 3 | 0.42 | (0.13, | 1.38) |
| Normal-weight | 48 | 1.00 | (reference) | 33 | 1.00 | (reference) | 26 | 1.00 | (reference) | 33 | 1.00 | (reference) | 19 | 1.00 | (reference) | 32 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
| Overweight | 12 | 0.87 | (0.45, | 1.69) | 14 | 1.23 | (0.61, | 2.45) | 9 | 1.00 | (0.44, | 2.28) | 8 | 0.72 | (0.31, | 1.67) | 14 | 2.47 | (1.17, | 5.21) | 7 | 0.71 | (0.29, | 1.71) |
| Frequency of sports participation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Never | 4 | 1.00 | (reference) | 10 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 10 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
| Once a week | 11 | 3.64 | (1.15, | 11.6) | 12 | 1.66 | (0.71, | 3.90) | 14 | 3.29 | (1.24, | 8.69) | 10 | 2.12 | (0.76, | 5.92) | 4 | 0.58 | (0.18, | 1.86) | 5 | 1.10 | (0.33, | 3.65) |
| 2–3 times/week | 33 | 4.99 | (1.75, | 14.2) | 19 | 1.29 | (0.59, | 2.82) | 16 | 1.79 | (0.69, | 4.65) | 23 | 2.44 | (0.98, | 6.08) | 19 | 1.32 | (0.61, | 2.89) | 17 | 1.86 | (0.72, | 4.79) |
| 4–6 times/week | 12 | 5.37 | (1.70, | 17.0) | 7 | 1.52 | (0.56, | 4.09) | 1 | 0.33 | (0.04, | 2.78) | 6 | 2.16 | (0.68, | 6.86) | 5 | 1.12 | (0.37, | 3.36) | 8 | 2.42 | (0.79, | 7.43) |
| Every day | 8 | 6.06 | (1.78, | 20.6) | 6 | 2.29 | (0.80, | 6.51) | 1 | 0.54 | (0.06, | 4.55) | 2 | 1.23 | (0.24, | 6.26) | 3 | 1.02 | (0.27, | 3.83) | 6 | 3.56 | (1.11, | 11.5) |
| Health status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poor or fair | 19 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 2 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 1 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
| Good | 19 | 1.71 | (0.94, | 3.08) | 19 | 0.92 | (0.27, | 3.16) | 15 | 2.38 | (0.65, | 8.70) | 21 | 2.11 | (0.46, | 9.67) | 11 | 1.43 | (0.64, | 3.16) | 15 | 1.49 | (0.67, | 3.31) |
| Very good | 24 | 1.58 | (0.84, | 2.96) | 17 | 0.75 | (0.21, | 2.61) | 8 | 1.87 | (0.86, | 4.05) | 12 | 3.12 | (1.51, | 6.44) | 12 | 1.43 | (0.63, | 3.24) | 12 | 2.29 | (1.06, | 4.91) |
| Excellent | 22 | 1.89 | (0.55, | 6.50) | 15 | 0.42 | (0.12, | 1.48) | 12 | 0.98 | (0.40, | 2.42) | 12 | 1.49 | (0.67, | 3.36) | 13 | 3.89 | (1.33, | 11.4) | 14 | 1.13 | (0.14, | 8.90) |
| Household income (10000 Japanese yen/year) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| < 200 | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 6 | 1.00 | (reference) | 4 | 1.00 | (reference) | 3 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
| 200 to < 400 | 7 | 0.68 | (0.22, | 2.03) | 3 | 0.46 | (0.11, | 2.79) | 3 | 0.28 | (0.07, | 1.14) | 2 | 0.28 | (0.05, | 1.53) | 8 | 1.56 | (0.41, | 5.95) | 2 | 0.21 | (0.04, | 1.09) |
| 400 to < 600 | 14 | 0.74 | (0.28, | 1.94) | 18 | 1.19 | (0.55, | 6.50) | 7 | 0.36 | (0.12, | 1.08) | 10 | 0.73 | (0.23, | 2.36) | 9 | 0.87 | (0.23, | 3.27) | 11 | 0.66 | (0.22, | 1.93) |
| 600 to < 800 | 21 | 1.33 | (0.52, | 3.40) | 16 | 1.39 | (0.62, | 7.62) | 13 | 0.86 | (0.31, | 2.34) | 19 | 1.75 | (0.58, | 5.29) | 8 | 0.96 | (0.25, | 3.73) | 11 | 0.75 | (0.25, | 2.24) |
| 800 to < 1000 | 7 | 0.77 | (0.25, | 2.37) | 4 | 0.78 | (0.22, | 4.60) | 2 | 0.25 | (0.05, | 1.26) | 4 | 0.67 | (0.16, | 2.76) | 6 | 1.25 | (0.30, | 5.20) | 3 | 0.34 | (0.08, | 1.49) |
| ≥ 1000 | 13 | 1.91 | (0.69, | 5.29) | 10 | 2.19 | (0.85, | 12.2) | 7 | 1.05 | (0.33, | 3.34) | 8 | 1.73 | (0.50, | 5.98) | 7 | 1.79 | (0.44, | 7.30) | 10 | 1.24 | (0.39, | 3.98) |
| Maternal educational level (years) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ≤ 12 | 15 | 1.00 | (reference) | 8 | 1.00 | (reference) | 7 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 5 | 1.00 | (reference) | 8 | 1.00 | (reference) | ||||||
| 13 to 15 | 21 | 0.97 | (0.49, | 1.92) | 26 | 0.93 | (1.01, | 5.06) | 16 | 1.56 | (0.63, | 2.85) | 22 | 2.85 | (1.06, | 7.62) | 17 | 2.71 | (0.98, | 7.47) | 9 | 0.83 | (0.31, | 2.18) |
| ≥ 16 | 32 | 1.35 | (0.69, | 2.63) | 20 | 0.70 | (0.67, | 3.76) | 15 | 1.47 | (0.56, | 2.36) | 20 | 2.36 | (0.85, | 6.54) | 19 | 3.39 | (1.20, | 9.58) | 25 | 2.21 | (0.93, | 5.25) |
Multivariate logistic regression was adjusted for all other variables examined
Use of dietary supplements was defined as children who used dietary supplements, regardless of frequency
BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, OR `odds ratio
aBMI was categorized as underweight, normal-weight, or overweight based on age- and sex-specific cut-off points defined by the International Obesity Task Force [28, 29]