Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients between risk assessment models-based grouping.
| All patients | Padua prediction score <4 | Padua prediction score ≥4 | P value | IMPROVE score 0–1 | IMPROVE score 2–3 | IMPROVE score ≥4 | P value | Caprini score 0–2 | Caprini score 3–4 | Caprini score ≥5 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number, cases | 1030 | 707 | 323 | 739 | 259 | 32 | 152 | 496 | 382 | |||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 55 (44, 65) | 51 (41, 62) | 63 (51, 72) | <0.001 | 51 (41, 62) | 63 (53, 72) | 68 (55, 75) | <0.001 | 35 (30, 40) | 52 (45, 60) | 65 (57, 74) | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | |||||||||
| Male, n (%) | 576 | 363 (51%) | 213 (66%) | 386 (52%) | 164 (63%) | 26 (81%) | 80 (53%) | 258 (52%) | 238 (62%) | |||
| Female, n (%) | 454 | 344 (49%) | 110 (34%) | 353 (48%) | 95 (37%) | 6 (19%) | 72 (47%) | 238 (48%) | 144 (38%) | |||
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 1030 | 23 (22, 26) | 24 (23, 26) | 0.244 | 23 (22, 26) | 24 (23, 26) | 23 (21, 27) | 0.232 | 23 (21, 24) | 24 (22, 26) | 24 (23, 27) | <0.001 |
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | 3 (2, 5) | 2 (2, 3) | 7 (5, 8) | 0 | 3 (2, 3) | 7 (5, 8) | 6.5 (5, 8) | <0.001 | 2 (0, 3) | 3 (2, 3) | 6 (4, 8) | <0.001 |
| Required respiratory support, n (%) | 610 (86%) | 322 (99.7%) | <0.001 | 645 (87%) | 255 (98%) | 32 (100%) | <0.001 | 80 (52%) | 472 (95%) | 80 (99.5%) | <0.001 | |
| None | 98 | 97 (14%) | 1 (0.3%) | 94 (13%) | 4 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 72 (48%) | 24 (5%) | 2 (0.5%) | |||
| Conventional oxygen | 462 | 455 (64%) | 7 (2%) | 455 (62%) | 7 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 68 (45%) | 382 (77%) | 12 (3%) | |||
| HFNC | 178 | 155 (22%) | 23 (7%) | 156 (21%) | 20 (7%) | 2 (6%) | 12 (8%) | 76 (15%) | 90 (24%) | |||
| Noninvasive ventilation | 62 | 0 (0%) | 62 (19%) | 34 (5%) | 26 (10%) | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (3%) | 48 (13%) | |||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 230 | 0 (0%) | 230 (71%) | 0 (0%) | 202 (78%) | 28 (88%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 230 (60%) | |||
| Smoking status, n | 0.026 | 0.003 | 0.029 | |||||||||
| Ex-smoked or smoking | 108 | 64 (9%) | 44 (14%) | 68 (9%) | 40 (15%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (6%) | 48 (10%) | 51 (13%) | |||
| Never-smoked | 922 | 643 (91%) | 279 (86%) | 671 (91%) | 219 (85%) | 32 (100%) | 143 (94%) | 448(90%) | 331(87%) | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 1030 | 1 (0, 2) | 3 (2, 5) | <0.001 | 1 (0, 2) | 3 (2, 5) | 6 (4, 7) | <0.001 | 0 (0, 0) | 1 (0, 2) | 3 (2, 5) | <0.001 |
| Complications, n (%) | 692 | 408 (58%) | 284 (88%) | <0.001 | 423 (57%) | 237 (92%) | 32 (100%) | <0.001 | 55 (36%) | 307 (62%) | 330 (86%) | <0.001 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 322 | 187 (26%) | 135 (42%) | <0.001 | 196 (27%) | 117 (45%) | 9 (28%) | <0.001 | 16 (11%) | 139 (28%) | 167 (44%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 159 | 110 (16%) | 148 (46%) | <0.001 | 120 (16%) | 114 (44%) | 24 (75%) | <0.001 | 14 (9%) | 81 (16%) | 163 (43%) | <0.001 |
| Hematencephalon | 4 | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (1%) | 0.059 | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.070 | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (1%) | 0.273 |
| Cerebral infarction | 84 | 39 (6%) | 45 (14%) | <0.001 | 38 (5%) | 44 (17%) | 2 (6%) | <0.001 | 152 (100%) | 30 (6%) | 54 (14%) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 62 | 4 (1%) | 58 (18%) | <0.001 | 1 (0.1%) | 29 (11%) | 32 (100%) | <0.001 | 1 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 54 (14%) | <0.001 |
| Thyroid diseases | 59 | 40 (6%) | 19 (6%) | 0.886 | 40 (5%) | 18 (7%) | 1 (3%) | 0.534 | 16 (11%) | 23 (5%) | 20 (5%) | 0.021 |
| Coronary heart disease | 101 | 50 (7%) | 51 (16%) | <0.001 | 51 (7%) | 44 (17%) | 6 (19%) | <0.001 | 1 (1%) | 35 (7%) | 65 (17%) | <0.001 |
| Digestive system disease | 103 | 63 (9%) | 40 (12%) | 0.085 | 65 (9%) | 31 (12%) | 7 (22%) | 0.026 | 6 (4%) | 51 (10%) | 46 (12%) | 0.018 |
| Hepatitis | 48 | 23 (3%) | 25 (8%) | 0.002 | 24 (3%) | 17 (7%) | 7 (22%) | <0.001 | 2 (1%) | 19 (4%) | 27 (7%) | 0.008 |
| Fatty liver | 6 | 5 (1%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.437 | 5 (1%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.789 | 3 (2%) | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.049 |
| Respiratory system disease | 71 | 46 (7%) | 25 (8%) | 0.468 | 47 (6%) | 23 (9%) | 1 (3%) | 0.269 | 5 (3%) | 34 (7%) | 32 (8%) | 0.112 |
| COPD | 31 | 14 (2%) | 17 (5%) | 0.004 | 15 (2%) | 16 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 | 0 (0%) | 11 (2%) | 20 (5%) | 0.002 |
| Bronchiectasia | 16 | 11 (2%) | 5 (2%) | 0.992 | 11 (1%) | 5 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.682 | 2 (1%) | 0 (2%) | 5 (1%) | 0.808 |
| In-hospital length of stay, days, median (IQR) | 12 (8, 16) | 12 (8, 16) | 11 (7, 17) | 0.361 | 12 (8, 16) | 11 (7, 17) | 10 (8, 17.5) | 0.335 | 11 (7, 15.5) | 12 (9, 16) | 11 (7, 17) | 0.241 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 213 | 11 (2%) | 202 (63%) | <0.001 | 12 (2%) | 170 (66%) | 31 (97%) | <0.001 | 0 (0%) | 12 (2%) | 201 (53%) | <0.001 |