Table 1.
Volunteer characteristics
| First author, ref | N | Population description | Sex | Age (yr) | Wt (kg) | BMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crossover Study Design | ||||||
| Greene et al. [22], | 12 | Elite powerlifting and Olympic weightlifting | 7 M, 5F | 35 ± 11 | 78 ± 12 | NR |
| Heatherly et al. [24], L | 8 | Trained runners | M | 40 ± 10 | 82 ± 7 | NR |
| Nazaraweicz et al. [25],L | 20 | Recreationally active | F | 21-23R | 62 ± 10 | 21.5 ± 2.1 |
| Prins et al. [23], | 7 | Recreational distance runners | M | 36 ± 8 | 69 ± 2 | 21.5 ± 1.1 |
| Parallel Study Design | ||||||
| Dostal et al. [26], |
KD: 12 CON: 12 |
Recreationally active | 7 M, 17F |
25 ± 2 24 ± 4 |
67 ± 10 73 ± 15 |
NR |
| Gregory et al. [30], |
KD: 12 CON: 15 |
Recreational CrossFit trainees | 5 M, 22F |
35 ± 9 34 ± 9 |
77 ± 14 72 ± 13 |
26.0 ± 2.9 26.0 ± 2.8 |
| Kephart et al. [28], |
KD: 7 CON: 5 |
Recreational CrossFit trainees | 9 M, 3F |
32 ± 8 29 ± 7 |
83 ± 22 77 ± 12 |
28.3a 26.6a |
| LaFountain et al. [29], |
KD: 15 CON: 14 |
Military personnel | 25 M, 4F |
27 ± 7 25 ± 9 |
86 ± 8 80 ± 6 |
27.9 ± 2.9 24.9 ± 2.4 |
| McSwiney et al. [16], |
KD: 9 CON: 11 |
Endurance athletes | M |
34 ± 7 32 ± 6 |
86 ± 14 77 ± 10 |
25.6 ± 3.0 23.9 ± 2.9 |
| Paoli et al. [31], |
KD: 9 CON: 10 |
Competitive body builders | M |
26 ± 5 31 ± 10 |
86 ± 15 89 ± 11 |
26.9 ± 1.9 26.6 ± 2.0 |
| Vargas et al. [15], |
KD: 9 CON: 10 |
Resistance-trained | M |
28 ± 4 27 ± 6 |
79 ± 8 75 ± 5 |
24.4 ± 2.6 23.9 ± 1.6 |
| Vargas-Molina et al. [27], |
KD: 10 CON: 11 |
Resistance-trained | F |
27 ± 4 28 ± 4 |
62 ± 10 63 ± 6 |
23.8 ± 3.6 23.7 ± 2.2 |
| Wilson et al. [11], |
KD: 13 CON: 12 |
Resistance-trained | M |
24 ± 5 21 ± 4 |
80 ± 15 78 ± 10 |
NR |
Values mean ± SD
Abbreviations: NR not reported
Lindicates longitudinal study design
Rindicates range
aindicates BMI calculated from available data