Table 2.
Patient Characteristics and Outcomes of Incident IE Cases According to Population.
| Variable | N | Total 6-County Population (n=137) | Olmsted County (n=67) | Other 5 Counties (n=70) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age at index hospitalization^ | 137 | 68.2 (58.3, 78.6) | 68.2 (51.9, 78.6) | 68.8 (60.0, 79.2) | 0.36^ |
| Male gender | 137 | 67.9% (93) | 70.1% (47) | 65.7% (46) | 0.58 |
| Comorbid conditions | |||||
| Hemodialysis | 136 | 7.4% (10) | 7.6% (5) | 7.1% (5) | 0.92 |
| Immunocompromising condition | 136 | 13.2% (18) | 12.1% (8) | 14.3% (10) | 0.71 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 135 | 20.7% (28) | 21.5% (14) | 20.0% (14) | 0.83 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 135 | 17.0% (23) | 21.5% (14) | 12.9% (9) | 0.18 |
| Prior stroke | 135 | 10.4% (14) | 13.8% (9) | 7.1% (5) | 0.20 |
| Risk factors | |||||
| History of IV drug use | 135 | 6.7% (9) | 9.2% (6) | 4.3% (3) | 0.25 |
| Substance Abuse--Non IV | 136 | 10.3% (14) | 13.6% (9) | 7.1% (5) | 0.21 |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | 135 | 6.7% (9) | 12.3% (8) | 1.4% (1) | 0.01 |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | 135 | 3.7% (5) | 7.7% (5) | 0.0% (0) | 0.02 |
| Congenital Heart Disease | 135 | 3.0% (4) | 3.1% (2) | 2.9% (2) | 0.94 |
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 135 | 1.5% (2) | 1.5% (1) | 1.4% (1) | >0.99` |
| Bicuspid aortic valve | 135 | 9.6% (13) | 9.2% (6) | 10.0% (7) | 0.88 |
| Indwelling Venous Catheter | 136 | 5.1% (7) | 3.0% (2) | 7.1% (5) | 0.28 |
| Skin & Soft Tissue Infection | 136 | 14.0% (19) | 13.6% (9) | 14.3% (10) | 0.91 |
| Microbiology | |||||
| Organism | 135 | 0.80` | |||
| • Staphylococcus aureus | 34.8% (47) | 37.9% (25) | 31.9% (22) | ||
| • Viridans group streptococci | 19.3% (26) | 19.7% (13) | 18.8% (13) | ||
| • Enterococcus species | 11.9% (16) | 12.1% (8) | 11.6% (8) | ||
| • Coagulase-negative Staph | 7.4% (10) | 4.5% (3) | 10.1% (7) | ||
| • Other streptococci | 8.1% (11) | 7.6% (5) | 8.7% (6) | ||
| • HACEK | 1.5% (2) | 3.0% (2) | 0.0% (0) | ||
| • Gram negatives | 1.5% (2) | 0.0% (0) | 2.9% (2) | ||
| • Culture-negative | 7.4% (10) | 6.1% (4) | 8.7% (6) | ||
| • Streptococcus bovis | 3.0% (4) | 3.0% (2) | 2.9% (2) | ||
| • Other organism | 5.2% (7) | 6.1% (4) | 4.3% (3) | ||
| Time to positivity^ | 98 | 14.0 (11.0, 18.0) | 13.0 (10.0, 16.0) | 14.0 (11.0, 23.0) | 0.15^ |
| Echocardiographic findings | |||||
| Native valve | 135 | 77.0% (104) | 76.9% (50) | 77.1% (54) | 0.98 |
| Prosthetic valve | 135 | 25.9% (35) | 23.1% (15) | 28.6% (20) | 0.47 |
| Both native and prosthetic valve | 137 | 2.9% (4) | 0.0% (0) | 5.7% (4) | 0.05 |
| Definite IE | 137 | 60.6% (83) | 59.7% (40) | 61.4% (43) | 0.84 |
| Cardiac abscess | 135 | 4.4% (6) | 4.6% (3) | 4.3% (3) | 0.93 |
| Mobile vegetation | 135 | 70.4% (95) | 70.8% (46) | 70.0% (49) | 0.92 |
| Vegetation on anterior MV leaflet | 135 | 15.6% (21) | 21.5% (14) | 10.0% (7) | 0.06 |
| Valve fistula | 135 | 0.7% (1) | 1.5% (1) | 0.0% (0) | 0.48` |
| Valve perforation | 135 | 11.9% (16) | 16.9% (11) | 7.1% (5) | 0.08 |
| Perivalvular extension | 135 | 3.7% (5) | 4.6% (3) | 2.9% (2) | 0.59 |
| Leaflet aneurysm | 135 | 0.7% (1) | 0.0% (0) | 1.4% (1) | >0.99` |
| Valve flail | 135 | 5.9% (8) | 7.7% (5) | 4.3% (3) | 0.40 |
| Valve prolapse | 135 | 9.6% (13) | 12.3% (8) | 7.1% (5) | 0.31 |
| Dehiscence | 135 | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | 0.0% (0) | |
| LAA thrombus | 135 | 0.7% (1) | 0.0% (0) | 1.4% (1) | >0.99` |
| Aortic valve | 137 | 43.1% (59) | 38.8% (26) | 47.1% (33) | 0.32 |
| Mitral valve | 137 | 32.8% (45) | 31.3% (21) | 34.3% (24) | 0.71 |
| Pulmonic valve | 137 | 1.5% (2) | 1.5% (1) | 1.4% (1) | >0.99` |
| Tricuspid valve | 137 | 4.4% (6) | 3.0% (2) | 5.7% (4) | 0.44 |
| Other | 137 | 5.1% (7) | 3.0% (2) | 7.1% (5) | 0.27 |
| None identified | 137 | 26.3% (36) | 28.4% (19) | 24.3% (17) | 0.59 |
| Regurgitation severity | 96 | 0.85 | |||
| • Severe | 22.9% (22) | 25.0% (11) | 21.2% (11) | ||
| • Moderate to severe | 6.3% (6) | 6.8% (3) | 5.8% (3) | ||
| • Moderate | 14.6% (14) | 11.4% (5) | 17.3% (9) | ||
| • Mild to moderate | 10.4% (10) | 6.8% (3) | 13.5% (7) | ||
| • Mild | 10.4% (10) | 13.6% (6) | 7.7% (4) | ||
| • Trivial | 25.0% (24) | 25.0% (11) | 25.0% (13) | ||
| • None | 10.4% (10) | 11.4% (5) | 9.6% (5) | ||
| Ascending aortic aneurysm | 135 | 10.4% (14) | 9.2% (6) | 11.4% (8) | 0.68 |
| Vegetation size | 77 | 0.48 | |||
| • Less than 5 mm | 14.3% (11) | 19.4% (7) | 9.8% (4) | ||
| • Between 5–10 mm | 39.0% (30) | 36.1% (13) | 41.5% (17) | ||
| • Greater than 10 mm | 46.8% (36) | 44.4% (16) | 48.8% (20) | ||
| Extracardiac complications | |||||
| Stroke | 134 | 10.4% (14) | 6.2% (4) | 14.5% (10) | 0.11 |
| CNS emboli | 134 | 31.3% (42) | 29.2% (19) | 33.3% (23) | 0.61 |
| CNS hemorrhage | 134 | 7.5% (10) | 6.2% (4) | 8.7% (6) | 0.58 |
| Lung emboli | 134 | 9.0% (12) | 10.8% (7) | 7.2% (5) | 0.48 |
| Lung abscess | 134 | 2.2% (3) | 3.1% (2) | 1.4% (1) | 0.52 |
| Spleen emboli | 134 | 13.4% (18) | 12.3% (8) | 14.5% (10) | 0.71 |
| Spleen abscess | 134 | 1.5% (2) | 1.5% (1) | 1.4% (1) | >0.99` |
| Liver emboli | 134 | 0.7% (1) | 0.0% (0) | 1.4% (1) | >0.99` |
| Renal emboli | 134 | 3.7% (5) | 3.1% (2) | 4.3% (3) | 0.70 |
| Vertebral osteomyelitis | 134 | 15.7% (21) | 18.5% (12) | 13.0% (9) | 0.39 |
| Epidural abscess | 134 | 3.7% (5) | 4.6% (3) | 2.9% (2) | 0.60 |
| Muscle abscess | 134 | 7.5% (10) | 9.2% (6) | 5.8% (4) | 0.45 |
| Septic joint | 134 | 13.4% (18) | 13.8% (9) | 13.0% (9) | 0.89 |
| Endophthalmitis | 134 | 2.2% (3) | 1.5% (1) | 2.9% (2) | 0.59 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| 6-month IE relapse or recurrence | 135 | 5.9% (8) | 6.2% (4) | 5.7% (4) | 0.91 |
| 30-day readmission from post-discharge | 136 | 27.9% (38) | 24.2% (16) | 31.4% (22) | 0.35 |
| 30-day death | 135 | 16.3% (22) | 15.4% (10) | 17.1% (12) | 0.78 |
| 6-month death | 132 | 31.8% (42) | 27.0% (17) | 36.2% (25) | 0.25 |
N is the number of non-missing observations
The number within the parentheses following the % is the number of patients with the listed variable.
Unless footnoted, variables are summarized as percentages and numbers, with P-values for testing population differences based on the Pearson χ2 test
^
Values are reported as median (25th, 75th percentiles) and compared between groups with Wilcoxon rank sum test
`
P-value from Fisher exact test