Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies.
| References | Country | Duration | Participants | Female/male | Age(year) | Outcome (20, 21) | NOS scorea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Briem et al. (13) | Germany | Average follow-up of 5.3 ± 1.7 years after injury Range 3–8 |
Thoracolumbar fracture group = 85; control = 584 | Thoracolumbar fracture group: 41/44 control: N/A | Thoracolumbar fracture group- Mean ± SD: 47.8 ± 12.8 Range 25–65 control: N/A |
Thoracolumbar fracture vs. control group (Mean ± SD) *SF-36 questionnaire -pain domain 65.78 ± 2.87 vs. 78.90 ± 8.87 (p < 0.05) *Pain Regulation Questionnaire (PRQ) Pain competence: 41.40 ± 1.12 vs. 36.98 ± 8.41 (p < 0.001) Pain intensity: 23.84 ± 1.30 vs. 29.55 ± 8.62 (p < 0.001) Pain anxiety:26.63 ± 11.59 vs. 31.90 ± 8.58 (p < 0.001) Pain depression: 21.15 ± 1.27 vs. 25.33 ± 9.60 (p < 0.001) Pain avoidance: 25.72 ± 0.94 vs. 25.38 ± 8.10 Pain withdrawal: 24.93 ± 1.23 vs. 28.90 ± 10.90 (p < 0.001) Pain distraction: 33.29 ± 1.03 vs. 32.37 ± 8.21 |
S*** C** O*** |
| Chou et al. (16) | Taiwan | Oct. 2002–Mar. 2003 | 24,435 | 11,937/12,498 | Over 20 years | 1.2,912 participants with osteoporosis, 1,416 reported low back pain (p < 0.001). 2. Osteoporosis vs. non- osteoporosis, with low back pain OR = 2.55 (95% CI = 2.33–2.78); with frequent low back pain OR = 4.15 (95% CI = 3.66–4.70) 3. Adjusted sociodemographic factors, ORs of associated osteoporosis or not for frequent low back pain in females and males were 3.49 (95% CI = 2.99–4.07) and 5.77 (95% CI = 4.66–7.15), respectively. |
S**** C** O*** |
| Ciubean et al. (22) | Romania | Jun. 2016–Aug. 2017 | 364 postmenopausal women | 364/0 |
Mean ± SD: Osteoporosis (n = 228): 65.5 ± 7.39 Control (n = 136): 63.45 ± 8.16 Range: 46–85 |
*SF-36 questionnaire -pain domain [median (IQR)] 1. Osteoporosis vs. Control:45 (45; 67.5) vs. 72.5 (55; 77.5) (p < 0.001) 2. Osteoporosis patients with fracture (n = 132) vs. without fracture (n = 96): 45 (45; 67.5) vs. 45 (35; 57.5) (p = 0.035) *QUALEFFO-41 -pain domain [median (IQR)] 1. Osteoporosis patients with fracture (n = 132) vs. without fracture (n = 96): 55 (30; 65) vs. 50 (30; 65) (p = 0.446) |
S** C* O*** |
| Fechtenbaum et al. (23) | France | – | 588 have osteoporosis | 588/0 | Mean ± SD vertebral fracture (n = 548) vs. control group: 71.61 ± 5.01 vs. 71.00 ± 5.13 (p = 0.43) |
QUALEFFO scores- pain domain(0-100) patients with no fracture (n = 40): 60 patients with sum of grade of fracture is 1 or 2 (n = 133): 51 patients with sum of grade of fracture is 3 or 4 (n = 189): 58 patients with sum of grade of fracture is 5–9 (n = 146): 58 patients with sum of grade of fracture is ≥10 (n = 80): 55 |
S** C* O** |
| Finsen (24) | Norway | – | 307 subjects age of 50 years | 222/85 | Over 50 years |
Patients self-reported pain (Some gave more than one answer and horizontal aggregates of percentages are therefore >loo) None (no infirmity): 31 (10.1%); foot (foot/leg/knee pain): 135 (44%); back (back pain): 96 (31.3%); hip (hip pain): 53 (17.3%) |
S** C* O** |
| Gheorghita et al. (4) | Canada | At least 1 year | 67 | 55/12 | Range: 47–89 | 34 participants reported pain (30 female,4 male). | S*** C* O*** |
| Hallal (25) | USA | – | 101 women with diagnosed postmenopausal osteoporosis | 101/0 | Mean: 62.6 | 1.84 participants reported the presence of back pain. 2. Frequency of back pain (daily: 33, weekly: 6, monthly: 20, less than once per month: 15) 3. Duration of back pain (sever hour: 40, 1 day: 11, several days:11, several weeks:4, constantly:18) 4.severity of back pain (very: 14, moderately: 45, mildly: 25) |
S** C* O* |
| Jahelka et al. (26) | Austria | Jun 2007–Jun. 2008 | 222 | 173/49 | Mean ± SD: total: 79.3 ± 8.5 |
Visual analog scale (0–10) Osteopenic patients: 3.2 ± 2.6 Osteoporotic patients without fracture history: 3.2 ± 2.5 Osteoporotic patients with fracture history: 3.9 ± 2.7 (p > 0.05) |
S*** C** O*** |
| Jin et al. (27) | China | Nov. 1, 2016–Sep. 30, 2018 | 358 with vertebral fractures | 284/74 | Mean ± SD: 72.3 ± 9.4 | 1. Pain duration, weeks (<2:183, 2–8:116, ≥8:59) 2. Spinal palpation tenderness: 197 3. Axial spinal percussion pain: 83 4. Radiating pain: 76 5. Pain grades (mild: 17, moderate: 121, severe: 220) |
S*** C** O*** |
| Jung et al. (17) | Korea | At least 6 month | 196 with an osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture Reference population (28) = 600 | Fracture group:165/31 Reference population:303/297 | Mean ± SD: 72.7 ± 7.9 | *EQ-5D (pain/discomfort domain) 1. No problem-39 (19.9%); 1 some problems: 139 (70.9%); serious problems: 18 (9.2%) 2. Age 50–59 (n = 13) vs. reference population 84.6 vs. 30.6% (P < 0.001) 3. Age ≥ 60 (n = 183) vs. Reference population 79.8 vs. 62.7% (P < 0.001) |
S*** C* O** |
| Kapucu and Ünver (29) | Turkey | – | 105 females with osteoporosis | 105/0 | Mean: 74.3 ± 7.5 |
Geriatric pain scale (0–100) 1. Mean: 57.6 ± 17.5; Min = 16.6; Max = 92.8 2. Pain level (n = 104) Slight (0–30) = 7 (6.7%); Mild (31–69) = 70 (67.3%); Severe (70–100) = 27 (26.0%) |
S*** C* O** |
| Miyakoshi et al. (30) | JAPAN | – | 174 consecutive women with postmenopausal osteoporosis | 174/0 | Mean ± SD back pain (n = 159) vs. Non-back pain (n = 15): 67.8 ± 6.5 vs. 65.5 ± 7.0 (p = 0.18) | 1.159 patients (91.4%) complained of back pain. | S** C* O** |
| Qzdemir et al. (31) | Turkey | – | 909 patients | Mean: 60 Range: 33–89 |
1.695 patients (76.45%) reported experiencing pain 2. The duration of the presence of pain was 8.7 ± 5.27 year [Min:1, Max: 26] |
S** C* O** |
|
| Ramírez-Pérez et al. (32) | Mexico | 6 month | 136 with hip fracture | 95/41 | Mean ± SD: 77 ± 10 |
EQ-5D(pain/discomfort domain) 1. 1st, 3rd, and 6th month patients report pain, respectively, 122 (89.7%), 92 (68%), 72 (52.9%) 2. patients report pain, respectively, in level 1, 2, 3 1st month:148,735; 6th month: 646,210 (level 1: indicating no problem; level 2: indicating some problems; level 3: indicating extreme problems) |
S** C** O*** |
| Ribom et al. (33) | Sweden | – | 36 women with osteoporosis and verified with vertebral fracture | 36/0 | Mean ± SD: 74.6 ± 8.3 Median: 76.6 Range: 57–87 |
Numeric rating scale (NRS) 1. Maximum pain: Mean ± SD: 5.9 ± 1.8; median: 6; range: 2–8 2. Minimum pain. Mean ± SD: 1.9 ± 2.5; median: 2; range: 0–8 3. Average pain: Mean ± SD: 4.8 ± 2.1; median: 5; range: 0–8 |
S** C* O*** |
| Ross et al. (18) | USA | Each of ~1.5 years duration | 1,098 Japanese ancestry | 1,098/0 | Mean: 63.3 Range: 43–80 |
*The original population (n = 1,098) 1. 200 of these women had responded to questions about back pain, the number who reported increased frequency of back pain after the fracture was 16 (46%) of 35 subjects with new vertebral fractures, 1 (10%) of 10 subjects with prevalent fractures only, and 21 (14%) of 155 subjects without vertebral fractures. |
S*** C* |
| 2. Incidence of increased frequency of back pain With vertebral fractures vs. without vertebral fractures Incident fractures: OR = 6.4 (95% CI: 2.6–15.6); p < 0.05 Prevalent fractures OR = 1.7 (95% CI: 0.5–5.6): p > 0.05 *The most examination (n = 203) 1. 28.1% reported some frequency of back pain since their previous visit. 2. Among the subjects with and without incident vertebral fractures (n = 45 and 158), the proportions reporting some frequency of back pain were 53 and 21%, respectively. |
O** | ||||||
| Sale et al. (34) | Canada | 6 month | 21 who had sustained fractures | 16/5 | Range: 51–87 | 11 participants reported persistent pain | S*** C* O*** |
| Scaturro et al. (35) | Italy | Jan. 2016–Jan. 2018 | 513 post-menopausal women over 50, having back pain for at least 3 months, not responding to conservative treatment, with NRS between 2 and 4 (mild pain) and SF 36 between 60 and 100. | 513/0 | Mean: 72 Range: 50–89 |
Numeric rating scale (NRS) 1. 77.5 % (n = 165) of patients referred an NRS rate between 2 and 3 (first group) and 22.5% (n = 48) a rate of 4 (second group). 2. The correlation between the pain (NRS) and the number of vertebral fragility fractures (P < 0.001). |
S** C* O** |
| Suzuki et al. (36) | Sweden | A year (Dec. 2003–Nov. 2006) | 107 | 72/35 |
Mean ± SD: 75.5 ± 11.9 Range: 42–96 |
*Von Korff Pain Intensity score(0-100) 70.9 ± 19.3 (3 weeks), 61.5 ± 21.4 (3 months), 60.7 ± 21.6 (6 months), 60.5 ± 23.0 (12 months); *Von Korff Disability score (0–100) disability means scored 68.9 ± 23.6 (3 weeks), 56.4 ± 25.5 (3 months), 51.0 ± 27.5 (6 months), 53.9 ± 27.8 (12 months) (P < 0.001). *EQ-5D 1.Total score: 0.37 ± 0.37 (3 week), 0.52 ± 0.35 (3 months), 0.54 ± 0.36 (6 months), 0.52 ± 0.38 (12 month) (p < 0.001). 2. The number of patients reporting moderate or severe problems in pain/discomfort domain 97% (3 week), 89% (3 months), 87% (6 months), 89%(12 month) (p < 0.001). |
S** C* O** |
| Tulay et al. (37) | Turkey | Jan.-Dec. 2016 | 172 with rib fracture | 66/106 | Medican: 47 Range: 18–85 |
Numeric rating scale (NRS) (0–10) 1. At 15th days, 3rd month, 6th month, the pain level of <65 yr participants were significant lower than ≥65 yrs group. 2. At 15th days, 3rd month, 6th month, the pain level of < female were significant higher than ≥ male. 3. Patients have 2 rib fractures with significant higher pain level than who has only one fracture. |
S** C* O*** |
| Zetterberg et al. (19) | Sweden | 1 year | Hip fracture patients:868 (final was 840 patients) Control group: 2,251 |
Hip fracture patients: 623/245 Control group: 1,333/918 |
Hip fracture patients mean Female: 79.0 Male: 73.9 |
Back pain during last 10 years 1. Female (P < 0.001) Hip fracture patients: 23% (n = 143) vs. Control group: 45% (n = 600) 2. Male (P < 0.001) Hip fracture patients:20% (n = 49) vs. Control group: 48% (n = 441) |
S** C* O** |
a
Scale domains: S selection of study groups, C comparability, O outcome assessment. Each “*” counts one point in different domain.