Table 3.

Risk of bias assessment using ROBINS-I.

References	Type of research	Pre-intervention		At intervention bias in classification of intervention	Post-intervention				Total
		Bias due to confounding	Bias in selection participants into study		Bias due to deviations from intended interventions	Bias due to missing data	Bias in measurement of outcomes	Bias in selection of the reported outcomes	Total bias
Briem et al. (13)	Retrospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Chou et al. (16)	Cross-sectional	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Ciubean et al. (22)	Cross-sectional	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Fechtenbaum et al. (23)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low
Finsen (24)	Quantitative cohort	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High
Gheorghita et al. (4)	Qualitative cohort	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Hallal (25)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Jahelka et al. (26)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Jin et al. (27)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low
Jung et al. (17)	Ambispective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Kapucu and Ünver (29)	Descriptive	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Miyakoshi et al. (30)	Observational	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low
Qzdemir et al. (31)	Retrospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low
Ramírez-Pérez et al. (32)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Low	Low
Ribom et al. (33)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate	Moderate
Ross et al. (18)	Cross-sectional	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low
Sale et al. (34)	Qualitative cohort	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Scaturro et al. (35)	Observational	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Suzuki et al. (36)	Prospective cohort	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Low
Tulay et al. (37)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Zetterberg et al. (19)	Prospective	Low	Low	Low	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Moderate