Table 2.
Trace elements concentrations (μg/L) and their comparison with international reported data for drinking water.
| Reference, country | Heavy metal |
Water sources | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Cu | Zn | Mn | Ni | As | Pb | Cr | |||
| This study | Akaki-Kality | 38.87 ± 0.14 (LOD - 500.40) | 3.31 ± 0.02 (LOD-26.33) | 37.93 ± 0.17 (LOD-391.10) | 2.08 ± 0.01 (LOD-9.58) | 0.92 ± 0.13 (LOD-3.5) | 1.68 ± 0.38 (LOD-8.13) | 4.42 ± 0.32 (LOD-19.6) | 1.75 ± 0.07 (LOD-4.27) | S&G |
| Gullele | 220.30 ± 0.17 (LOD-1073) | 4.53 ± 0.01 (LOD-62) | 73.08 ± 0.22 (LOD-1065.00) | 19.78 ± 0.08 (LOD-351.00) | <LOD | 0.39 ± 0.11 (LOD-4.07) | 5.34 ± 0.40 (LOD-52.80) | <LOD | ||
| Saleh et al. (2019), Iran | 10.13 (1.09–29.70) | 8.28 (1.15–53.81) | 6.47 (<0.01–11.01) | - | - | 3.87 (<0.01–9.86) | 11.00 (1.00–12.00) | 6.83 (<0.003–20.00) | GW | |
| Sadeghi et al. (2018), Iran | - | - | - | - | - | 6.80 (0–99.00) | - | - | S&G | |
| Rezaei et al. (2019), Iran | - | - | - | - | - | 6.80 (1.10–36.00) | 2.60 (2.00–3.00) | - | GW | |
| Mirzabeygi et al. (2017), Iran | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.70 ± 6.10–20.40 ± 9.29 (<0.15–80.00) | 3.30 ± 2.50–20.30 ± 5.90 (0.15–79.30) | - | |
| Hu et al. (2019), Canada | 85.30 ± 25.40–329.00 ± 120.00 | - | - | 13.40 ± 7.02–51.40 ± 26.10 | - | 1.76 ± 0.96–7.05 ± 1.37 | 2.47 ± 0.59–8.25 ± 1.75 | 8.78 ± 1.87–40.20 ± 10.10 | SW | |
| Alidadi et al. (2019), Iran | - | - | - | - | 1.69 ± 2.15 (0.185–3.63) | 0.18 ± 0.05 (0.10–0.39) | 0.18 ± 0.05 (0.31–1.33) | 4.94 ± 5.53 (0.36–23.25) | S&G | |
| Muhammad et al. (2011), Pakistan | - | 36.33 ± 21.51–115.76± 99.94 |
21.27 ± 44.76–1376.11 ± 1607.35 | 5.24 ± 3.11 - 19.43 ± 21.49 |
2.18 ± 2.90–5.94 ± 8.48 | - | 2.34 ± 0.44–24.05 ± 24.05 (0.70–43.17) | 0.90 ± 1.05–12.83 ± 21.01 | S&G | |
| Vetrimurugan et al. (2017), India | 80 ± 80 (50–550) | 0.00 ± 10 (0.00–50.00) | 0.00 ± 10 (0.00–30.00) | 310.00 ± 1120.00 (10.00–700.00) | 120.00 ± 20.00 (90.00–170.00) | - | 380.00 ± 100.00 (190.00–660.00) | ND | GW | |
| Rasool et al. (2016), Pakistan | 46.00–3255.00 | 1.60–273.00 | 11.00–4877.00 | 1.00–89.00 | 11.00–97.00 | 12.00–812.00 | 30.00–230.00 | 13–64 | GW | |
| Nawab et al. (2018), Pakistan | - | - | 6.00 ± 10.00–21.00 ± 370.00 | - | 45.00 ± 40.10–74.00 ± 47.00 | - | 53.10 ± 56.10–100.00 ± 64.00 | 88.00 ± 67.10–117.00 ± 66 | S&G | |
| Khalid et al. (2020), Pakistan | 1.34 ± 0.56–1.86 ± 0.4 | 0.10–0.03 - 0.44 ± 0.16 | 0.55 ± 0.12–0.64 ± 0.08 | 0.13 ± 0.01–0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.0–0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.01–0.18 ± 0.02 | BDL | GW | ||
| Huq et al. (2019), Bangladesh | - | - | - | <0.01–56.20 | <0.01–8.00 | 6.05–590.70 | 0.60 - 8.00 | - | S&G | |
| Gupta et al. (2017), India | 160.40 ± 371.40 (12.00–1557.00) | 4.30 ± 10.20 (0.00–36.00) | 250.60 ± 857.10 (7.00–3874.00) | 14.30 ± 17.30 (0.00–138.00) | - | - | 3.30 ± 2.70 (0.00–9.50) | 5.10 ± 11.40 (0.00–15.80) | GW | |
| Fallahzadeh et al. (2017), Iran | 3.12 ± 1.10–1459.25 ± 21.48 | 8.07 ± 1.06–21.43 ± 4.01 | 10.51 ± 1.19–428.61 ± 13.44 | 1.00 ± 0.04–47.19 ± 3.95 | ND - 7.71 ± 2.05 | - | ND - 5.91 ± 2.14 | 5.88 ± 4.94 (1.22–582.00) | GW | |
| Egbueri and Unigwe (2020), Nigeria | 0.35 ± 0.58 (0.04–1.74) | 0.55 ± 0.78 (0.00–3.14) | 0.72 ± 0.48 (0.05–1.73) | 0.01 ± 0.03 (0.00–0.13) | 0.04 ± 0.16 (0.00–0.73) | - | 0.001 ± 0.01 (0.00–0.02) | 32.10 ± 85.40 (0.00–320.00) | GW | |
| Mazhar and Ahmad (2020), India | - | 11.00–305.00 | 750.00–2245.00 | 11.00–1360.00 | 247.00–1246.00 | - | - | 0.01–1.64 | GW | |
| Mohammadi et al. (2019), Iran | - | 0.10–39.31 | 7.41–104.77 | - | 0.06–19.45 | - | 0.35 -8.27 | 5.08 (0.39–10.76) | GW | |
| Ahmad et al. (2020), Pakistan | - | - | - | - | 5.06 ± 1.19 | 1.80 ± 0.64 | 5.58 ± 1.23 | 3.21 ± 0.75 | GW | |
| WHO | 300 | 2000 | 3000 | 400 | 70 | 10 | 10 | 50 | ||
| USEPA | 300 | 1300 | 500 | 500 | 20 | 10 | 15 | 100 | ||
GW = Groundwater, SW = surface water, S&G = surface and groundwater.