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. 2021 May 31;7(5):e07064. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07064

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Glutamine starvation reduces migration and invasion capacity of cancer cells. Wound healing assay of PA1 (A, B) and SKOV3 (C, D) cells reveals reduced healing in absence of glutamine (n = 3). SKOV3 and PA1 cells showed reduced invasion capacity in absence of glutamine (E) (n = 3). mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP9, Vimentin, and VEGF reduced in PA1 cells in absence of glutamine (F) (n = 3). Reduced mRNA expression of MMP9 and Vimentin was observed in SKOV3 cells in absence of glutamine (G) (n = 3). MMP2 protein expression was reduced after glutamine starvation (H). Gelatine zymography shows that MMP2 and MMP9 activity was reduced after glutamine starvation (I). High extracellular pH in absence of glutamine in PA1 cells (J) (n = 3). Phalloidin staining revealed the reduced actin stress fiber formation in SKOV3 and PA1 cells in absence of glutamine (K). Data are expressed in ±SEM, and statistical significance was calculated using two-tailed Student's t-test and the two-way ANOVA was performed followed by Bonferroni post-test analysis (A–D). (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01). ns is statistically non-significant. Scale bars 400 μm (A, C, E) and 20 μm (K).