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. 2021 May 24;11:652378. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.652378

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Copyright © 2021 Gao, Li, Xu, Zhang, Huang, Dai and Liu

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Roles of exosomes in immunosuppression in gastric cancer pre-metastatic niches. Gastric cancer-derived exosomes cause immunosuppression by suppressing DC/CD8⁺ T cell activation and DC maturation and inducing differentiation of TAM, TAN, MDSC, Treg, and Th17 cells. In turn, TAM provides onco-promoting signals to tumors and stromal cells through its exosomes. Arrows represent activation, whereas bar-headed arrows represent inhibition. CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; DC, dendritic cells; ECM, extracellular matrix; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; MMT, mesothelial-mesenchymal transition; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PMC, peritoneal mesothelial cell; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; TAN, tumor-associated neutrophil; Th17, T-helper 17 cell; Treg, regulatory T cell.