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Roles of exosomes in angiogenesis. (A, B) Gastric cancer cell-derived exosomes can induce expression of pro-angiogenesis molecules, such as VEGF, IL-1, IL-8, Ang-1, and MMP-9, in endothelial cells by delivering miRNAs (A) or YBX1 (B). (C) Stromal cell-derived exosomes or tumor-derived exosomes also promote VEGF expression in gastric cancer cells. (D) VEGFR inhibitors, such as Apatinib, can hinder angiogenesis caused by these exosomes. GC, gastric cancer.
