TABLE 3.

Examples of effective application of nanomaterials against device-associated biofilm

Antibiofilm activity of nanomaterials	Antibiofilm implants on device	Mechanism	Reference
Zinc-associated copper oxide nanocomposite (Zn-CuO)	Contact lenses	Zn-CuO nanocoating being present upon the surface of the lenses prevents the development of biofilm upon their surface	Tuby et al. (2016)
Silica NPs	Contact lenses	It possesses brush coatings on the polypropylene cases that inhibit the development of biofilm in comparison to the uncoated polypropylene. It also prevents the spreading of microbial colonies upon the surface of the lenses	Qu et al. (2013)
Silicone NPs	Used in breast implants	It helps in the reduction of immune responses that are generated by peripheral mononuclear blood cells and can be effectively be used in preventing the development of biofilm	Nair et al. (2012)
NPs releasing nitric oxides	Catheters	It plays an effective role in preventing the development of biofilm. It especially prevents the biofilm of S. aureus by inhibiting the EPS being produced by them	Nair et al. (2012)
Ag-Ti nanocomposites	Used within face masks	It prevents the development of biofilm by S. aureus and E. coli	Li et al. (2006)
Silver conjugated NPs	Used in prosthetic heart valves	It prevents the development of biofilm by interfering with the sessile colonies	Angelina et al. (2017)
ZnO NPs along with titanium implants	Used in various types of orthopedic implants	The Ti being present within the ZnO–Ti nanocomposites helps in promoting adhesion of mammalian cells and thereby inhibits the bacterial cell adhesion	Elizabeth et al. (2014)
Titania nanostructure coated with AgNPs	Used in oral implants and endodontic filing	It helps in the killing of the planktonic cells and also prevents the development of the biofilm	Zhao et al. (2011)