Table 1.
Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts (N = 509).
| Index | Training (n = 339) | Validation (n = 170) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y), median (IQR) | 79 (69–85) | 76.5 (66–85) | 0.1910 |
| Male, n (%) | 176 (51.92%) | 80 (47.09%) | 0.7772 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 26 (7.67%) | 14 (8.24%) | 0.8230 |
| Chest pain, n (%) | 44 (12.98%) | 29 (17.06%) | 0.2155 |
| Cough, n (%) | 195 (57.52%) | 96 (56.47%) | 0.8211 |
| Fever, n (%) | 53 (15.63%) | 36 (21.18%) | 0.1205 |
| Hemoptysis, n (%) | 5 (1.47%) | 6 (3.53%) | 0.2379 |
| Syncope, n (%) | 24 (7.08%) | 14 (8.24%) | 0.6399 |
| Altered mental status, n (%) | 52 (15.34%) | 25 (14.71%) | 0.8508 |
| Unilateral lower limb pain, n (%) | 7 (2.06%) | 5 (2.94%) | 0.5389 |
| Signs | |||
| Respiratory rate (beats/min), median (IQR) | 20 (18–20) | 20 (18–20) | 0.9458 |
| Heart rate (beats/min), median (IQR) | 82 (75–94) | 81 (76–96) | 0.8744 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg), median (IQR) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 0.7951 |
| Jugular vein filling, n (%) | 89 (26.25%) | 35 (20.59%) | 0.1602 |
| Lung wet rales, n (%) | 153 (45.13%) | 76 (44.71%) | 0.9273 |
| P2 hyperfunction, n (%) | 7 (2.06%) | 3 (1.76%) | 0.8180 |
| Bilateral Lower limb edema, n (%) | 38 (11.21%) | 20 (11.76%) | 0.8525 |
| Lower limb asymmetric edema, n (%) | 13 (3.83%) | 7 (4.12%) | 0.8769 |
| Past medical history | |||
| Cancer, n (%) | 10 (2.95%) | 4 (2.35%) | 0.9195 |
| Chronic heart disease, n (%) | 43 (12.68%) | 10 (5.88%) | 0.0178 |
| Chronic lung disease, n (%) | 25 (7.37%) | 6 (3.53%) | 0.0871 |
| Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 13 (3.83%) | 7 (4.12%) | 0.8769 |
| Deep vein thrombosis, n (%) | 21 (6.16%) | 10 (5.88%) | 0.8895 |
| Immobilization, n (%) | 177 (52.21%) | 83 (48.82%) | 0.4707 |
| Surgery, n (%) | 113 (33.33%) | 52 (30.59%) | 0.5326 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 129 (38.05%) | 63 (37.06%) | 0.8272 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 54 (15.93%) | 35 (20.59%) | 0.1918 |