Table 1.

ESM-1 expression in human tumors.

Cancers	Research sample	Expression level	Clinical characterization	Reference
Bladder Cancer	Tissue	High	Shorter recurrence-free survival time in noninvasive bladder cancers	(48, 54)
Breast cancer (TNBC)	Plasma	High	Poor outcome	(55)
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	Serum	High	Poor Survival	(56)
Colorectal cancer	Saliva	High	Poor prognosis, high histological differentiation, high depth of tumor invasion high TNM stage and high lymph node metastasis	(57, 58)
	Tissue	Lower	Poor differentiate	(59)
Ovarian cancer	Tissue	High	Poor survival	(60)
	Serum	High	More malignancy	(61)
Gastric cancer	Tissue	High	Poor survival Distant and lymph nodes metastasis Vascular invasion	(30, 62)
	Serum	High	Poor progonsis	(63)
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Tissue	High	Poor Survival	(64)
	Serum	High	High tumor stage	(28)
Meningiomas and Gliomas	Tissue	High	High degree of malignancy	(65)
Multiple myeloma	Plasma	High	Higher disease stage	(66)
Non-small cell lung cancer	Tissue	High	Poor prognosis and distant metastasis	(17)
	Pleural effusion	High	Poor prognosis, poor survival and distant metastasis	(67)
Oral cancer	Plasma	High	Associated with tumor (T) status, higher at T1-T3 status	(68)
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors	Tissue	High	Poor clinical outcomes and greater malignancy	(69)
Pituitary adenoma	Tissue	High	Associated with Knosp tumor invasion grades, higher recurence, more aggressive and invasion	(70–72)
Prostate cancer	Serum	High	Easily recurrence	(73)
	Tissue	High	Higher Gleason grades and scores	(74)

TNBC, Triple-negative breast cancer; TNM, Tumor node metastasis.