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Representative images of the full airway wall thickness in the small airway wall of a) normal control (NC) and b) COPD. An increase in thickness was observed in the clinical (smoker/COPD) groups in the c) lamina propria (LP), d) adventitia and e) smooth muscle (SM) layer. NLFS: normal lung function smoker; COPD-CS: COPD current smoker; COPD-ES: COPD ex-smoker. Scale bars=50 μm. **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001.
