Table 1.
Reports about bacteria inactivation by various SACT.
| Sonosensitizer in SACT | Dose | Ultrasound | Microorganism | Biological model | Microbial reduction (log) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic | ||||||
| Ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin | 0.01 mg/mL | 1 W/cm2, 40 kHz, | E. coli | In vitro | <2 | [27] |
| Gentamicin | 1–2 μg/mL | 100 mW/cm2, 46.5 kHz, 1 : 3 | E. coli | In vitro | 1.01–1.42 | [63] |
| Ciprofloxacin (topical) | 3% | 3 min every other day/every day | P. aeruginosa biofilm | In vivo (rabbit) | No shown | [90] |
| HBD-3 | 100 mg/kg | 200 mW/cm2, 1 : 1 duty cycle, 20 min, 3 times a day |
S. epidermidis biofilm S. aureus biofilm |
In vivo (mouse) | 1 1.25 |
[63] |
| Colistin /Vancomycin | 8 μg/mL | 40 kHz, 600 mW/cm2, 1 : 9 duty cycle, 30 min | A. baumannii biofilm | In vitro | 3.77 | [80] |
| Gentamicin | No shown | 28–48 kHz, 0.5 W/cm2, 48 h | E. coli | In vivo (rabbit) | 2 | [81] |
| Natural product | ||||||
| HMME | 50 μg/mL | 1 MHz, 6 W/ cm2, 30 min. | S. aureus | In vitro | 95% | [82] |
| HMME | 40 μg/mL | 1 MHz, 3 W/cm2, 10 min | P. gingivalis | In vitro | 4.7 | [9] |
| Curcumin | 40 μM | 1 MHz, 1.56 mW/cm2, 5 min | MRSA | In vitro | 5 | [55] |
| Curcumin | 40 μM 2 μM |
1 MHz, 1.56 mW/cm2, 5 min 3 min |
E. coli B. cereus |
In vitro | 2 5–6 |
[10] |
| Curcumin | 100 mM, 50 μM | 50 W/cm2 , 5 min. |
S. aureus E. coli |
0.8 3.02 |
[11] | |
| Curcumin | 40 μM (2 mL) | 100 Hz, 3 W/cm2, 20% of duty cycle, 32 min | S. aureus biofilms | In vitro | 1.7 | [89] |
| Chlorin e6 | 20 µM, 80 µM | 1.0 MHz, 1.56 W/cm2, 15 min |
S. aureus E. coli |
In vitro | 7 2 |
[12] |
| Chlorin e6 derivative Photodithazine ® (PDZ) | 50 μM 200 mg/L |
1 MHz, 5 min, 50% of duty cycle, 2.5 W/cm2 |
C. albicans C. albicans biofilms |
in vitro | 6.38 0 |
[60] |
| Hypocrellin B | 40 µM | 1.38 W/cm2, 5 min | MRSA | In vitro | 5 | [10] |
| Nanoparticle or Nanocomposite | ||||||
| TiO2 (2 mm ø pellets) | 1 mg/mL | 36 kHz, 300 W, 15–60 min | Legionella spp. | In vitro | <2 | [29] |
| TiO2 (21 nm ø nanoparticles) | 5 mg/mL | 24 kHz, 300 W, 15–60 min |
Pseudomonas spp. Total coliformis faecal streptococci C. perfringens |
In vitro | 2 | [28] |
| TiO2 (non-woven fabric) | No shown | 36 kHz, 0.28 W, 0–70 min | E. coli | In vitro | 1 | [39] |
| TiO2 -DVDMS | 50 μg/mL | 3 W, 60 s | S. aureus | In vitro | 92.41% | [74] |
| Silver NP (citrate) Silver NP (miramistin) Gold NP |
10-6 g/mL 10-6 g/mL 10-5/ 10-6 g/mL |
0.88 MHz, 1 W/cm2, 10 min | Enterococus spp. | In vitro | 81% 87% 90% |
[86] |
| SiNPs | 1 mg/mL | 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2 | E. coli | In vitro | 35 /72% | [70] |
| AmB-NPs | 0.5–1 μg/mL. | 42 kHz, 0.30 W/cm2, 15 min. | C. albicans | In vitro | 90%~100% | [13] |
| MLP18 | 20 μM | 1.0 MHz, 0.97 W/cm2, 5 min |
E. coli MRSA |
In vivo (mice) | ~60% ~80% |
[1] |
| CNPs-ICG | 1000 μg/mL | 1 MHz, 1.56 W/cm2, 1 min | Biofilm (P. gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia) | In vitro | 57.9% | [61] |
| Gentamicin (Nano-sized liposomes) |
0.8 mg/mL | 2.25 MHz, 4.4 W/cm2 | Ralstonia insidiosa biofilm | In vitro | 73% | [87] |
| Pd@Pt-T790 | 25 ppm 50 ppm |
1.0 MHz, 0.97 W/cm2, 50% cycle, 8 min | MRSA | In vitro In vivo (mice) |
1 ~ 5 >6 |
[73] |
| Fe@UCNP-HMME | 4.75 µg | 1 W/cm2, 10 min 2 W/cm2, 10 min |
E. coli MRSA |
In vitro | 60% 70% |
[22] |
| UCNP@SiO2 -RB | 125 μg/mL | 2 W/cm2, 10 min |
E. coli MRSA |
In vitro | 70% 70% |
[23] |
| UCNP@mSiO2 (RB)-AgNPs | 45 µg/mL | 2 W/cm2, 10 min | MRSA | In vitro | 5 | [88] |
| NM@Cur | 50 mM | 1.56 W/cm2, 1 min | S. mutans | In vitro | 99.9% (~6 log) | [75] |
| Xanthene dye | ||||||
| RB | 15 μM | 28 kHz, 0.84 W/cm2, 1 h |
S. aureus (109 CFU/mL) E. coli (109 CFU/mL) |
in vitro | 2.1 3.1 |
[25] |
| RB-C(KLAKLAK)2 | 4.5 mg/kg | 1 MHz, 3.0 W/cm2, 50% duty cycle, 10 min |
S. aureus P. aeruginosa |
In vitro | 5 7 |
[26] |
| RB | 5 μM 200 mg/L |
1 MHz, 5 min, 50% duty cycle, 2.5 W/cm2 |
C. albicans C. albicans biofilms |
In vitro | 6.38 0 |
[60] |
a, b The reductions in the viable counts of each bacteria and its biofilm in column, respectively.