Fig. 3.

PAR2 inhibition decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in UVB-irradiated dorsal skin of hairless mice. (A) Approved experimental procedure for topical application of GB83 during skin photoaging (N = 5 per group). (B) A photograph of the dorsal skin of control, UVB-treated, and GB83 with UVB-treated hairless mice was taken for phenotype analysis. (C) H&E-stained histological image of a dorsal skin section from the skin of control, UVB-treated, and GB83 with UVB-treated hairless mice was captured. (D) The thickness of the epidermis was quantified using Motic Image Plus 2.0 software (N = 5 per group). (E) The mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β were measured using qRT-PCR (N = 5 per group). (F) The protein expression level of MnSOD was measured using western blotting (N = 3 per group). α-tubulin was the loading control of the cytosolic fractions. (G) The ROS production level was measured using the DCF fluorescence level in skin cytosol fraction (N = 5 per group). (H) The protein expression levels of p-p65 and p65 and (I) p-FoxO6 and FoxO6 were measured using western blotting (N = 3 per group). TFIIB was the loading control of the nuclear fraction. (J) The mRNA expression level of FoxO6 was measured using qRT-PCR (N = 5 per group). All data are represented as the mean ± SEM and significance was determined using an one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA); *P < 0.05.