Table 1.

Table listing 41 reports cases of thromboses of the pampiniform plexus, spermatic vein and/or testicular vein.

Age	Side	Symptom duration	Presenting symptoms	Associated factors	Investigations	Treatment	Outcome	Vein(s) involved	First author and journal
N/A	Left	N/A	Acute pain in scrotum	N/A	None	N/A	N/A	Spermatic vein	Senn NA. Surgical clinic. Clin Rev 1903;4:241–245
N/A	N/A	‘Sudden’	Acute pain in Scrotum	N/A	None	“Excision”	N/A	Spermatic vein	Senn NA. Int Clin 1904;4:148–160
33	Right	3 weeks	Pain in testicle	Amoebic Dysentery	None	Conservative Management	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	J.W. Tomb. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 20, Issue 4, 25 November 1926, Pages 288–289
41	Left	5 weeks	Pain in testicle and swelling	None	None	Orchidectomy	N/A	Pampiniform plexus	McGavin D. The Lancet 1935; 226 (5842): 368–369
57	Left	4 weeks	Pain in testicle	1 Stone weight loss	None	Orchidectomy	N/A	Pampiniform plexus
27	Left	16 h	Dull pain in testicle and inguinal region	Testicle Horizontal Lie	None	Exploration and biopsy of vein	N/A	Pampiniform plexus	Anseline P. Aust N Z J Surg. 1977 Dec;47(6):801–802
7	Left	N/A	Pain groin, swollen cord, oedema scrotum	None	None before op	Exploration – Anti-inflammatory medication	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Coolsaet B. J Urol. 1980 Aug;124(2):290–291
10	Left	N/A	Pain and oedema of scrotum	Previous testicular fixation	Venogram	Anti-inflammatory medication	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus
15	Left	11 days	Painful scrotal swelling	None	None	Excision of veins to external ring	N/A	Pampiniform plexus
44	Right	Several hours	Tender swelling mid-scrotum	Playing baseball and tennis	None – Observed for 4 days	Excision thrombosed vein to internal ring	N/A	Pampiniform plexus	Rothman D. J Med Soc N J. 1981 Sep;78(10):681
33	Left	10 days	Inguinal pain	None	None	Excision thrombosed vein to internal ring	N/A	Spermatic vein	Vincent MP. Urology. 1981 Feb;17(2):175–176
33	Left	Recent	Inguinal tenderness and mass	Varicocele	None – Observed for 1 week	Excision thrombosed varicocele and ligation	Resolution	Thrombosed varicocele	Roach R. J Urol. 1985 Aug;134(2):369–370
42	Left	1 week	Groin lump tender	None	Excretory urography (IVP)	Excision thrombosed veins	Left ischaemic testicle – Orchidectomy, then right spermatic vein thrombosis treated with anticoagulants	Spermatic vein
19	Left	Hours	Groin pain	Vigorous exercise – rowing sit-ups	None	Excision thrombosed veins	Resolution	Spermatic vein	Isenberg JS. J Urol. 1990 Jul;144(1):138
23	Left	1 day	Painful bulging in left inguinal region	Heavy lifting boxes	Ultrasound	Excision thrombosed varicocele and ligation	Resolution	Thrombosed varicocele	Gleeson MJ. Br J Urol. 1992 Nov;70(5):567
43	Left	During hospitalisation	Acute scrotal pain	Ischemic colitis and antiphospholipid syndrome	Doppler Ultrasound	Orchidectomy	N/A	Testicular vein and pampiniform plexus	Wu VH. J Ultrasound Med. 1995 Jan;14(1):57–59
6	Right	3 months	Swelling of testicle	None	Ultrasound	Exploration and biopsy of vein	6 months later further episode	Pampiniform plexus	Campagnola S. Minerva Urol Nefrol. 1999 Sep;51(3):163–165.
8	Left	24 h	Pain in abdomen and testicle	Henoch-Schoenlein purpura	Ultrasound	Steroids – Exploration at 2 weeks	Resolution	Spermatic veins	Diana A. J Pediatr Surg. 2000 Dec;35(12):1843.
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Varicocele	None	Conservative Management	Resolution	Varicocele	Kleinclauss F. Prog Urol. 2001 Feb;11(1):95–96.
28	Left	3 days	Pain in scrotum and inguinal region	None	Doppler Ultrasound	Oxerutin medication + rest – delayed varicocele ligation and vein excision	Resolution	Spermatic veins	Martino G. Chirurgia 2005 December;18(6):501–506.
27	Left	2–3 h	Painful mass inguinal area	Lifting a patient	None	Exploration	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Hashimoto L. J Urol Nephrol. 2006;40(3):252–254.
42	Left	7 days	Pleuritic chest pain – Pulmonary embolism	Contusion left inguinal regions 2 weeks before. Left cryptorchidism treated as infant	CT scan	Oral anticoagulation	Resolution	Spermatic vein	Castillo OA. Urol Int. 2008;80(2):217–218.
40	Right	4 days	Abdominal pain	Terminal ileitis and thrombophilia	CT scan	Anti-inflammatory medication	Resolution	Testicular vein	Schwartz JH. J Urol. 2008 Sep;180(3):1124.
33	Left	3 days	Acute pain in scrotum	Cycling	Duplex ultrasound	Conservative management	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Doerfler A. Prog Urol. 2009 May;19(5):351–352.
21	Left	Hours	Acute pain in scrotum	High intensity exercise in combat attire – Horizontal lie of testis	None	Exploration and biopsy of vein	1 month later right pampiniform plexus thrombosis after exercise	Pampiniform plexus	Kayes O. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2010 Oct;92(7): W22–W23.
28	Left	14 days	Left inguinal induration + abdominal pain + testicular pain	Intermittent left loin pain and Haematuria for years	Duplex ultrasound + CT scan	Excision of spermatic vein from renal vein caudally	Resolution	Thrombosed varicocele + spermatic vein secondary to nutcracker	Mallat F. Int J Case Rep Images 2014;5(7):519–523.
43	Right	2 days	Scrotal pain and swelling	Absent Inferior Vena Cava and heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation	Ultrasound and venogram	Anticoagulation	Resolution	Thrombosed testicular vein	Chi AC. Urology. 2015 May;85(5): e39–e40.
35	Right	N/A	Testicular pain and swelling	Varicocele + heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation	Duplex ultrasound + MRI	Anticoagulation	Resolution	Thrombosed testicular vein + spermatic vein	Bolat D. Can Urol Assoc J. 2016 Sep-Oct;10(9–10): E324–E327.
23	Left	2 days	Left testicular and groin pain – radiating to left flank	None	Ultrasound	Anti-inflammatory medication	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Tanner R. Ir Med J. 2016 Jan;109(1):347–348.
29	Right	4 h	Testicular pain, low grade temperature and sweating	Possible trauma 2 days before. Age 8 left torsion and orchidopexy	Ultrasound	Anticoagulation + anti-inflammatory medication + antibiotics	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Caño-Velasco J, RRev Int Androl. 2018 Jan-Mar;16(1):38–41.
39	Bilat	2 days	Scrotal pain and swelling	Protein C deficiency	Ultrasound + CT	Anticoagulation + antibiotics	6 days later right gonadal vein thrombosis – Then resolution	Left varicocele and right testicular vein	Kamel K. African J Uro 2018, Vol 24 (1), 14–18.
31	Left	20 days	Dull ache inguinal and scrotal areas	8-h drive	Ultrasound + contrast enhanced ultrasound + CT	Excision of thrombosed vein	Resolution	Spermatic vein	Liu M. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Dec;36(12):2339.e1–2339.e3.
36	Right	24 h	Right flank pain then acute right inguinal and scrotal pain	Housework; ulcerative colitis; left orchidectomy 6 months earlier	Duplex ultrasound + CT	Exploration	Resolution	Spermatic vein	Murthy PB. Urology. 2018 Sep;119:32–34.
54	Left	2 days	Left inguinal pain	None	Ultrasound	Anticoagulation + anti-inflammatory medication and venotonics	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Ouanes Y. Urol Case Rep. 2018 Jun 7;20:28–29.
68	Left	1 week	Left scrotal pain	None	Duplex ultrasound	Exploration and removal of varicocele	Resolution	Varicocele	Raghavendran M. BMC Urol. 2018 May 8;18(1):34.
40	Left	2 h acute – 6 months previous intermittent pain	Acute pain left scrotum	None	Duplex ultrasound	Exploration and removal of varicocele	Resolution	Varicocele	Robayna A. Urol Int. 2018;101(1):117–120.
14	Right	4 days	Swelling and dull pain right inguinal and scrotal pain + fever	None	Duplex ultrasound	Right orchidectomy	Resolution	Testicular vein	Hussain JM. Urology. 2019 Aug;130:144–147.
65	Bilat	1.5 months – severe 4 days	Swelling inguinal region bilaterally then upper scrotum	Labourer	Ultrasound	Left inguinal exploration	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Bakshi S. Surg Case Rep. 2020 Mar 5;6(1):47.
50	Left		Scrotal pain and swelling	None	Duplex ultrasound	Anticoagulation + antibiotics	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Lay Keat WO. Urol Case Rep. 2019 Sep 5;28:101000.
12	Left	3 days	Left testicular pain	Factor V Leiden heterozygous mutation; Nut-cracker syndrome suggested on ultrasound	Duplex ultrasound	Exploration then anticoagulation and antibiotics	Resolution	Pampiniform plexus	Pérez-Ardavín J. Cir Pediatr. 2020 Apr 1;33(2):99–101.
55	Left	2 weeks	Scrotal induration and pain	None	Duplex ultrasound + CT	Exploration and excision of vein	Resolution	Spermatic vein	Petca RC. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2020 Jul-Aug;115(4):505–510.

CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; IVP: intravenous pyelogram. Please see text for other reports of less significance.