Table 2.
Summary of Studies on Fiducial Marker Implantation in the Pancreas
| No. | Study, (year) author | No. of patients, pancreatic cases/all cases | Fiducial name | Material | Diameter (mm) | Length (mm) | Fiducial placement confirmation | Method | Gauge of needle | Company |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | (2006) Pishvaian et al. [11] | 7/13 | Loose Gold Marker | Gold | 0.8 | 3 or 5 | EUS | Front loading | 19G, Medi-Globe | Best Medical International, Springfield, VA, USA |
| 2 | (2010) Ammar et al. [17] | 7/13 | Visicoil | Gold | 0.35 | 10 | EUS | Front loading | 22G, Cook | IBA Dosimetry, Bartlett, TN, USA |
| 3 | (2010) DiMaio et al. [18] | 9/30 | Visicoil | Gold | 0.35 | 10 | EUS | Back loading | 22G, EchoTip Cook | Core Oncology, Mercer Island, WA, USA |
| 4 | (2010) Park et al. [19] | 57/57 | Traditional fiducial | Gold | 0.8 | 2.5 | EUS | Back loading | 19G, EchoTip Cook | Alpha Omega Services Inc., Bellflower, CA, USA |
| 5 | (2010) Sanders et al. [21] | 51/51 | Traditional fiducial | Gold | 0.8 | 5 | EUS | Back loading | 19G, EchoTip Cook | Alpha Omega Services Inc., Bellflower, CA, USA |
| 6 | (2010) Varadarajulu et al. [22] | 9/9 | Loose Gold Marker | Gold | 0.8 | 3 | EUS | Back loading | 19G | Best Medical International, Springfield, VA, USA |
| 7 | (2012) Khashab et al. [23] | 39/39 | Traditional fiducial | Gold | 0.8 | 5 | EUSa | Back loading | 19G, EchoTip Cook | Best Medical International, Springfield, VA, USA |
| Traditional(29), Visicoil (10) | Visicoil | Gold | 0.35 | 10 | Back loadingb | 22G, EchoTip Cook | Core Oncology, Mercer Island, WA, USA | |||
| 8 | (2013) Majumder et al. [15] | 39/39 | Traditional fiducial | Gold | 0.8 | 5 | EUS | Back loading | ND | ND |
| 9 | (2014) Choi et al. [20] | 29/32 | Traditional fiducial | Gold | 0.8 | 3 | EUS and radiography | Back loading | 19G, EchoTip Cook | CIVCO Medical Solutions, Coralville, IA, USA |
| 10 | (2014) Fajardo et al. [24] | 23/23 | Gold Anchor | Gold | 0.28 | 10 | EUS and radiography | Back loading | 22G | Naslund Medical AB, Huddinge, Sweden |
| Gold Anchor (4)/Visicoil (17)/both (2) | Visicoil | Gold | 0.35 | ND | Back loading | 22G | Core Oncology, Mercer Island, WA, USA | |||
| 11 | (2016) Dhadham et al. [25] | 188/514 | Visicoil | Gold | 0.35 or 0.75 | 10 | EUS | Back loading | 19G or 22G, EchoTip Cook | RadioMed Inc., Bartlett, TN, USA |
| 12 | (2019) Tabernero et al. [26] | 47/47 | Visicoil | Gold | 0.35 | 10 | EUS | Back loadingb | 22G, Boston Expect | IBA Dosimetry USA, Memphis, TN, USA |
G, gauge; ND, no data.
a
Initially, fluoroscopy was used during placement, but the fiducial was well seen on EUS; therefore, fluoroscopy was not used in the second half of the study.
b
Preloaded on a needle carrier delivery device.