Table 1.
Baseline Demographics
| All (n = 10,630), n (%) | Female (n = 4,290), n (40.4%) | Male (n = 6,340), n (59.6%) | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||||
| 18–50 | 2,019 (19.0) | 663 (15.5) | 1,356 (21.4) | <0.001 | |
| 51–74 | 5,454 (51.3) | 2,054 (47.9) | 3,400 (53.6) | ||
| 75+ | 3,157 (29.7) | 1,573 (36.7) | 1,584 (25.0) | ||
| Age at admit, mean (SD) | 64.9 (16.1) | 67.3 (16.6) | 63.2 (15.5) | <0.001 | |
| Age at admit, median | 65.0 | 68.0 | 64.0 | ||
| Age at admit, IQR (range) | 54–77 (18–107) | 57–80 (18–107) | 53–74 (18–100) | ||
| BMI | |||||
| Normal weight | 1,994 (18.8) | 834 (19.4) | 1,160 (18.3) | <0.001 | |
| Underweight | 178 (1.7) | 96 (2.2) | 82 (1.3) | ||
| Preobesity | 2,974 (28.0) | 998 (23.3) | 1,976 (31.2) | ||
| Obesity class I | 1,775 (16.7) | 682 (15.9) | 1,093 (17.2) | ||
| Obesity class II | 801 (7.5) | 365 (8.5) | 436 (6.9) | ||
| Obesity class III | 619 (5.8) | 324 (7.6) | 295 (4.7) | ||
| Unknown | 2,289 (21.5) | 991 (23.0) | 1,298 (20.5) | ||
| Ethnicity/Race | |||||
| White | 3,610 (34.0) | 1,500 (35.0) | 2,110 (33.3) | <0.001 | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 2,246 (21.1) | 805 (18.8) | 1,441 (22.7) | ||
| Asian | 908 (8.5) | 325 (7.6) | 583 (9.2) | ||
| Black | 2,221 (20.9) | 1,059 (24.7) | 1,162 (18.3) | ||
| Other | 1,184 (11.1) | 444 (10.4) | 740 (11.7) | ||
| Unknown | 461 (4.3) | 157 (3.7) | 304 (4.8) | ||
| Language | |||||
| English | 8,521 (80.2) | 3,478 (81.1) | 5,043 (79.5) | 0.003 | |
| Spanish | 1,325 (12.5) | 479 (11.2) | 846 (13.3) | ||
| Other | 784 (7.4) | 333 (7.8) | 451 (7.1) | ||
| Insurance | |||||
| Commercial | 3,187 (30.0) | 1,136 (26.5) | 2,051 (32.4) | <0.001 | |
| Medicaid | 2,175 (20.5) | 794 (18.5) | 1,381 (21.8) | ||
| Medicare | 5,010 (47.1) | 2,278 (53.1) | 2,732 (43.1) | ||
| Other | 126 (1.2) | 49 (1.1) | 77 (1.2) | ||
| Self-pay | 132 (1.2) | 33 (0.8) | 99 (1.6) | ||
| Medications | |||||
| Unknowna | 916 (8.6) | 308 (7.2) | 608 (9.6) | ||
| Beta blocker | 2,913 (27.4) | 1,236 (28.8) | 1,677 (26.4) | <0.001 | |
| ACE inhibitor | 1,335 (12.6) | 496 (11.6) | 839 (13.2) | <0.001 | |
| ARB | 1,712 (16.1) | 761 (17.7) | 951 (15.0) | <0.001 | |
| Statin | 3,811 (35.9) | 1,584 (36.9) | 2,227 (35.1) | <0.001 | |
| Antiplatelet and/or anticoagulation | 3,268 (30.7) | 1,333 (31.1) | 1,935 (30.5) | <0.001 | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 6,428 (60.5) | 2,742 (63.9) | 3,686 (58.1) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3,914 (36.8) | 1,554 (36.2) | 2,360 (37.2) | 0.29 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 1,417 (13.3) | 429 (10.0) | 988 (15.6) | <0.001 | |
| Heart Failure | 916 (8.6) | 394 (9.2) | 522 (8.2) | 0.09 | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 273 (2.6) | 111 (2.6) | 162 (2.6) | 0.92 | |
| COPD | 666 (6.3) | 288 (6.7) | 378 (6.00) | 0.12 | |
| Asthma | 885 (8.3) | 524 (12.2) | 361 (5.7) | <0.001 | |
| CKD | 509 (4.8) | 180 (4.2) | 329 (5.2) | 0.02 | |
| ESRD | 423 (4.0) | 162 (3.8) | 261 (4.1) | 0.38 | |
| Chronic liver disease | 292 (2.8) | 99 (2.3) | 193 (3.0) | 0.02 | |
| Cancer | 818 (7.7) | 380 (8.9) | 438 (6.9) | <0.001 | |
| Tobacco use | |||||
| Active | 252 (2.4) | 63 (1.5) | 189 (3.0) | <0.001 | |
| Former or smoker (current status unknown) | 1,860 (17.5) | 447 (10.4) | 1,055 (16.6) | ||
| Never | 7,862 (74.0) | 3,383 (78.9) | 4,479 (70.7) | ||
| Unknown | 656 (6.2) | 260 (6.1) | 396 (6.3) | ||
| CCI | |||||
| 0 | 908 (8.5) | 301 (7.0) | 607 (9.6) | <0.001 | |
| 1–2 | 2,208 (20.8) | 732 (17.1) | 1,476 (23.3) | ||
| 3–4 | 2,496 (23.5) | 992 (23.1) | 1,504 (23.7) | ||
| 5+ | 5,018 (47.2) | 2,265 (52.8) | 2,753 (43.4) | ||
| CCI, mean (SD) | 4.8 (3.5) | 5.2 (3.5) | 4.5 (3.5) | <0.001 | |
| CCI, median | 4 | 5 | 4 | ||
| CCI, IQR (range) | 2–7 (0–23) | 3–7 (0–22) | 2–7 (0–23) | ||
Patients who died or were discharged alive who were not missing LNR.
a
Frequencies and percentages of unknown status were the same for all medications, and were included in the chi-square tests.
ACE inhibitor, angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; IQR, interquartile range; LNR, lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio; SD, standard deviation.