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. 2021 Jun 7;25:197. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03623-4

Table 1.

Characteristics of 120 study patients diagnosed with SA-VAP

Total (n = 120) COVID-19 (n = 40) Non–COVID-19 (n = 80) P value
Demographics
Age, years 63 [52–70] 64 [58–70] 62 [47–74] 0.21
Male, N (%) 92 (76.7) 33 (82.5) 59 (73.8) 0.36
SAPS II score 38 [3043] 38 [32.5–46.5] 38 [29–40.5] 0.15
Comorbidities
Cardiovascular disease, N (%) 20 (16.7) 7 (17.5) 13 (16.3) 0.8
Diabetes, N (%) 19 (15.8) 8 (20.0) 11 (13.8) 0.43
COPD, N (%) 19 (15.8) 7 (17.5) 12 (15.0) 0.79
Chronic renal failure, N (%) 11 (9.2) 3 (7.5) 8 (10.0) 0.75
Immunosuppression, N (%) 8 (6.7) 4 (10.0) 4 (5.0) 0.44
Neoplasm, N (%) 7 (5.8) 4 (10.0) 3 (3.8) 0.22
Characteristics at diagnosis
Respiratory failure, N (%)a 112 (93.3) 40 (100) 72 (90%) 0.1
Length of stay in ICU, days 8 [712] 11.5 [419] 8 [79] 0.29
Duration of mechanical ventilation, days 6 [510] 9 [417] 6 [57] 0.14
SOFA scoreb 7 [59] 7 [49] 7 [59] 0.51
Previous antibiotics, N (%)c 67 (55.8) 25 (62.5) 42 (52.5) 0.39
Characteristics after diagnosis
Length of stay in ICU, days 12 [6.5–23.5] 11 [622] 14 [6.5–24] 0.46
Duration of mechanical ventilation, days 7 [311] 7 [2.5–11] 6.5 [311] 0.86
SA-VAP features
Late-onset infection, N (%) 86 (71.7) 35 (87.5) 51 (63.8) 0.01
Methicillin-resistant infection, N (%) 48 (40.0) 26 (65.0) 22 (27.5)  < 0.01
Bacteraemic infection, N (%) 24 (20.0) 19 (47.5) 5 (6.3)  < 0.01
Complicationsb
Septic shock, N (%) 65 (54.2) 22 (55.0) 43 (53.8) 1
Acute kidney injury requiring CRRT, N (%) 12 (10.0) 4 (10.0) 8 (10.0) 1
Antistaphylococcal antimicrobial therapy
Oxacillin, N (%) 31 (25.8) 9 (22.5) 22 (27.5) 0.66
Vancomycin, N (%) 21 (17.5) 5 (12.5) 16 (20.0) 0.45
Linezolid, N (%) 32 (26.7) 24 (60.0) 8 (10.0)  < 0.01
Other antimicrobials, N (%)d 36 (30.0) 2 (5.0) 34 (42.5)  < 0.01
Initial inadequate antimicrobial therapy, N (%) 32 (26.7) 13 (32.5) 19 (23.8) 0.38
Duration of antimicrobial therapy, days 8 [6–10] 9.5 [7–10] 7 [5–10.5] 0.12
Vancomycin MIC < 1 mcg/mL, N (%) 61 (50.8) 22 (55.0) 39 (48.8) 1
Linezolid MIC < 2 mcg/mL, N (%) 29 (24.2) 11 (27.5) 18 (22.5) 0.51
Outcomes
Clinical cure, N (%) 90 (75.0) 27 (67.5) 63 (78.9) 0.2
Microbiological cure, N (%)e 42 (50.6) 16 (43.2) 26 (56.5) 0.31
ICU death, N (%) 30 (25.0) 14 (35.0) 16 (20.0) 0.12
In-hospital death, N (%) 32 (26.7) 14 (35.0) 18 (22.5) 0.19

Data are presented as median [IQR], unless otherwise indicated

Significant values are in bold (P values < 0.1)

SA Staphylococcus aureus, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ICU Intensive Care Unit, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, MIC minimal inhibitory concentration; IQR interquartile range

a72 out of 80 controls were admitted to ICU with respiratory failure due to different origins (community-acquired/nosocomial pneumonia, chest trauma, ARDS due to septic shock, COPD exacerbations, coma with suspicion of inhalation). Remaining 8 patients were admitted due post-surgical haemorragic shock (n = 3) and major trauma (n = 5)

bThe day of VAP diagnosis

cAntibiotics received ≥ 48 h during previous 30 days: amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillina/tazobactam, ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftriaxone, cefepime, meropenem, amikacin, vancomycin, linezolid, colistin, tigecycline, azytromicin, levofloxacin

dAmoxicillin clavulanic-acid (n = 19), quinolones (n = 15), trimethoprim sulphametoxazole (n = 2)

eMicrobiological eradication was evaluated in 83 pts (37 COVID-19+ and 46 controls)