Fig. 3.

Schematic illustration of chemotherapy combined with different modalities against tumors based on cell membrane vectors. a After the tumor-bearing mice being injected with BNPs targeting tumor sites, the tumor is obviously inhibited by combination therapy of chemotherapeutic with laser radiation or immune response. b PTT agents elevate the temperature around tumor sites by photothermal conversion, and chemotherapeutic agents synergistically down-regulated the expression of heat shock proteins, reduce the heat resistance, and directly induce apoptosis of tumor cells. c Aside from tumor toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, endogenous peroxide is effectively converted into oxygen to alleviate tumor hypoxia and oxygen alters to tumor-toxic reactive oxygen species under laser radiation for antitumor effect enhancement. d The antigens on the surface of BNPs elicit the immune response to tumor cells, such as T-cell activation and macrophages to kill tumor cells