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. 2021 Jun 7;6:225. doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00631-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Excretion and internalization of Exo and MVs. (1) Exo is excreted as a result of inward cellular blebbing and fusion of vesicles derived from the Golgi to form multivesicular bodies (MVBs). (2) MVs are formed by plasma membrane blebbing. Exo and MVs are exogenously loaded with therapeutic agents through the main methods including co-extrusion, incubation, electroporation, and sonication. The loading Exo and MVs can be internalized by the recipient cell through exosomal fusion and endocytosis with the therapeutic agents released via membrane fusion or different mechanisms