Table 1.

Currently explored natural vectors for nanoparticles camouflage

Vectors		Advantages	Defects	References
Cell membrane vectors	Red blood cell membrane	Prolonged blood circulation; high biocompatibility; immune evasion	Lack of specific targeting ligands on red blood cell membranes	12,40,314
	Cancer cell membrane	Homotypic targeting capability; elicit specific immune response; easy to culture in vitro on a large scale	Relatively short circulation time	20,309
	Immune cell membrane	Targeting to the inflammatory site; immune evasion; elicit specific immune response	The least component in the blood; only effective to certain tumors	87–89
	Hybrid cell membrane	Multifunctional integration of individual cell types	Lack of productive technique	20
Evs vectors	Exosome	Tiny diameter; reduce phagocytosis; extravasate through tumor vessels; across biological barriers	Limited to obtain high yields of pure Exo	21
	Microvesicle	Inherit tumor-targeting capability	More heterogeneous in size	178
Viral vectors	Mammalian viral nanoparticles	Traditionally used in gene delivery strategies	Causing horizontal genetic transfer events; stimulate undesirable immune responses	315
	Bacteriophage-viral nanoparticles	Non-infectious to mammals; do not undergo alterations in their natural tropism or mutation; reduce side-effects and enhance bacterial targeting	Problematic in the repeated application of a therapeutic cargo; rapidly cleaned by the host RES	238,316
	Plant virus-viral nanoparticles	Non-infectious to mammals	Do not exhibit tissue tropisms	22