Table 3.

Diverse vectors for targeted delivery highlighted in this review

Vectors	Synthetic inner cores	Payloads	Targeting mechanisms/sites	Indications	References
RBC membrane	MSNs	Dox	Laser-activated tumor-specific accumulation	Breast cancer	43
	PLGA	RAP	EPR effect in atherosclerotic lesions	Atherosclerosis	18
	Nanocrystals	DTX	Tumor-targeting ligands	Glioma	47
	Cationic liposomes	AmB	Specific affinity between pathogenic fungi and erythrocytes	Fungal infection	53
CCM	Aluminum phosphate nanoparticles	CpG	Lymph node-resident APCs	Melanoma	14
	Calcium pyrophosphate nanoparticles	-	Targeting to dendritic cells	Melanoma	75
	Porous Au@Rh	ICG	Homologous targeting	Breast cancer	78
	PLGA	ICG	Homologous targeting	Breast cancer	79
	Au nanostars	Dox	Homologous targeting	Melanoma	81
	Boron nitride nanotubes	Dox	Homologous targeting	Glioblastoma	83
	MSNs	Dox	Homologous targeting	Prostate cancer	85
	Gelatin nanoparticles	Cisplatin	Homologous targeting	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	86
Neutrophil membrane	Polycaprolactonepoly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles	Sparfloxacin	Inflammatory targeting	Inflammation	15
	PLGA	-	Binding to immunoregulatory molecules	Rheumatoid arthritis	87
	Cationic liposome	MTX	Targeting to macrophages	Inflamed skeletal muscle; ischemic heart	92
	Poly(latic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles	Carfilzomib	CTC- and niche-targeting	Cancer metastasis	98
NK cell membrane	Liposomes	Dox	Targeting tumor cells with the help of NK cell markers	Breast cancer	23
	mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles	TCPP	Binding of tumor-targeting proteins	Primary and abscopal tumor	88
	Carboxylate terminated PLGA	Gd lipid	Tumor-homing natural killer cell membrane	Tumor imaging	16
Macrophage membrane	UCNPs	-	Cell-cell adhesion for cancer targeting	Breast cancer	103
	Liposome	Emtansine	α4β1 integrin-VCAM-1 interactions	Lung metastasis of breast cancer	89
	Hollow bismuth selenide nanoparticles	Quercetin	CCL2/CCR2- mediated recruitment	Lung metastasis of breast cancer	106
	PEGylation nanoparticle	PTX	IGF1R targeting ligand	Breast cancer	17
Platelet membrane	DSPE-PEG polymers	Gevokizumab	Infarct-homing ability of platelets	Acute myocardial infarction	110
	Porous metal-organic framework nanoparticles	siRNA	Tumor-targeting capability of platelets	Breast cancer	19
Myeloid-derived suppressor cell membrane	Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles	-	MDSC with high affinity to melanoma	Melanoma	111
Platelet-RBC hybrid membrane	Liposome	Chlorin e6 and tirapazamine	Biomimetic surface molecules	Melanoma and lung metastasis	112
RBC-cancer hybrid membrane	CuS nanoparticles	Dox	Homologous targeting	Melanoma	114
RBC-cancer hybrid membrane	-	Melanin nanoparticles	Homologous targeting	Breast cancer	317
Macrophage-derive Exo	-	SPION and Cur	Neuropilin-1-targeted peptide	Glioma	134
MSCs-derived Exo	EGNPs	-	Binding of glucose and GLUT-1 glucose transporter	CT imaging of acute striatal stroke	136
Normal fibroblast-like mesenchymal cell-derived Exo	-	siRNA or shRNA	RNA payloads specific to oncogenic KrasG12D	Pancreatic cancer	141
Exo	PEGylated nanoparticles	V2C QDs	RGD-targeting tumor cells and TAT peptides targeting nucleus	Breast cancer	144
Tumor-derived Exo	PEG-PCL NPs	PTX-S-LA and CuB	High affinity between CCM and homotypic Exo membrane	Breast cancer metastasis	152
Tumor cell-derived Exo	-	mRNAs	Targeting peptides	Glioma	153
Dendritic cell-derived Exo	-	siRNA	Lamp2b fused to the neuron-specific RVG peptide	Alzheimer’s disease	160
Macrophages-derived Exo	-	Catalase	Surface adhesion proteins	Parkinson’s disease	159
Exo	-	Biologically active proteins	Floxed reporter cells	Brain diseases	163
Exo	-	Oligonucleotides drugs	Muscle-targeting peptide	Dystrophin deficiency	165
Tumor cell-derived MVs	-	MTX	Attracting neutrophils	CCA	173
DCs-derived MVs	-	PTX	Aptamer AS1411 targeting nucleolin	Breast cancer	177
CCM-derived MVs	Extremely small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles	Glucose oxidase	Homologous and RGD-targeting	Hepatocellular carcinoma	179
SV40-VNPs	-	QDs and Hirulog	Targeting peptides	Atherosclerotic plaques	200
HBc VNPs	-	ICG	RGD-targeting tumor cells	Glioblastoma	204
AAV	-	VEGF	Targeting to myocardium	Ischemic myocardial disease	208
HBc VNPs	-	Dox	Integrin αvβ3-mediated targeting	Glioblastoma	215
Dd VNPs	-	Dox or cap analog	Targeting liver cancer cells	Hepatocellular carcinoma	217
RVG-hybrids VNPs	QDs and pH-responsive dendrimers	Dox and Pb	RVG-guided and hierarchical targeting	Orthotopic brain tumor	221
FMD VNPs	-	Dox	RGD-targeting tumor cells	Carcinoma of the uterine cervix	224
Qβ VNPs	-	RNAi	Peptide targeting to tumor cells	Glioblastoma	235
Qβ VNPs	-	Azithromycin	Ligands targeting lung-resident macrophages	Pulmonary infections	244
P22 VNPs	-	Cas9 and a single-guide RNA	Targeting to specific cell	Genetic diseases	247
MS2 VNPs	-	mRNA	Inducing specific immunity	Prostate cancer	254
TMV VNPs	-	PhenPt	Tumor-homing ability of AR engineering	Triple-negative breast cancer	263
TMV VNPs	-	Silencer GFP siRNA	Passive targeting	Hepatoma	270
CPMVVNPs	-	MTO	Targeting to cerebral endothelial cells	Glioblastoma	284