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. 2021 Jun 6;19:170. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00915-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The anti-osteolysis effect of melatonin could be transmitted by fecal microbiota transplantation. A Representative view of calvarium in each group via Micro-CT 3D reconstruction. B Relative abundance of SCFA producing microbes in fecal samples n = 6. C Three major SCFA concentration in fecal samples. n = 6. D Butyrate synthesis related enzymes. n = 6 in each group. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (Unpaired t-tests * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01). E–G Quantification of bone erosion parameters (BV/TV) bone volume to tissue volume ratio, (BMD) bone mineral density, and total porosity. n = 6. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (One-way ANOVA[post hoc:SNK] ***p < 0.001)