Fig. 5.

Butyrate exerted anti-osteolysis effects via its receptor GPR109A. A Western blot analysis of GPR109A in BMDMs. n = 3. B Representative immunohistochemical staining and quantification of GPR109A. n = 5. C Representative view of calvarium in each group via Micro-CT 3D reconstruction and quantification of bone erosion parameters (BV) bone volume, (BV/TV) bone volume to tissue volume ratio, (BMD) bone mineral density, and total porosity. n = 6. D Representative immunohistochemical staining of NLRP3, IL-1β and immunofluorescence staining of Caspase-1 in calvarial specimens. E Quantification of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression using integrated optical density/specimen area (IOD/Area). F Quantification of Caspase-1 using mean density (integrated density/specimen area) in calvarial specimens. n = 5. G BMDMs from wild type or GRP109A^−/− mice were incubated with Ti particles (0.1 mg/ml) and butyrate (1 mM) for 6 h after being primed with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 3 h, then cell lysates and supernatants were used for analysis of western blot. NLRP3, Caspase-1 pro, and Actin were detected in cell lysates. Cleaved Caspase-1 (P20) were detected from supernatant samples. n = 3. H The cytokine of IL-1β in supernatants was measured by ELISA. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (One-way ANOVA[post hoc:SNK] **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)