Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of weighted cohorts
| Demographics and comorbidities | Total W = 4480 |
No. nonmissing | COVID-19–positive W = 2247 |
No. nonmissing | Influenza-positive W = 2233 |
No. nonmissing | SMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean yr, (SD) | 66.9 (13.7) | 4480 | 66.9 (13.7) | 2247 | 66.9 (13.7) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| Female, n (%) | 289 (6) | 4480 | 145 (6) | 2247 | 144 (6) | 2233 | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | 4480 | 2247 | 2233 | ||||
| Unknown | 317 (7) | 159 (7) | 158 (7) | <0.001 | |||
| African American | 1601 (36) | 804 (36) | 798 (36) | 0.001 | |||
| Other | 105 (2) | 53 (2) | 52 (2) | 0.002 | |||
| White | 2456 (55) | 1231 (55) | 1226 (55) | 0.002 | |||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 4480 | 2247 | 2233 | ||||
| Unknown | 132 (3) | 66 (3) | 65 (3) | 0.002 | |||
| Hispanic/Latino | 363 (8) | 183 (8) | 180 (8) | 0.003 | |||
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 3985 (89) | 1997 (89) | 1988 (89) | 0.004 | |||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 2299 (51) | 4480 | 1151 (51) | 2247 | 1148 (51) | 2233 | 0.003 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3731 (83) | 4480 | 1871 (83) | 2247 | 1861 (83) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 2010 (45) | 4480 | 1003 (45) | 2247 | 1006 (45) | 2233 | 0.008 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 1452 (32) | 4480 | 726 (32) | 2247 | 726 (33) | 2233 | 0.004 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 1383 (31) | 4480 | 694 (31) | 2247 | 689 (31) | 2233 | 0.001 |
| Mild liver disease, n (%) | 984 (22) | 4480 | 490 (22) | 2247 | 494 (22) | 2233 | 0.007 |
| Moderate to severe liver disease, n (%) | 122 (3) | 4480 | 61 (3) | 2247 | 61 (3) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 2437 (54) | 4480 | 1221 (54) | 2247 | 1216 (54) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| Cancer (ICD-9), n (%) | 1179 (26) | 4480 | 594 (26) | 2247 | 585 (26) | 2233 | 0.005 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 1281 (29) | 4480 | 645 (29) | 2247 | 636 (28) | 2233 | 0.005 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 793 (18) | 4480 | 396 (18) | 2247 | 397 (18) | 2233 | 0.004 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 633 (14) | 4480 | 322 (14) | 2247 | 311 (14) | 2233 | 0.013 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia, n (%) | 300 (7) | 4480 | 150 (7) | 2247 | 150 (7) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| HIV, n (%) | 102 (2) | 4480 | 50 (2) | 2247 | 51 (2) | 2233 | 0.004 |
| Peptic ulcer disease, n (%) | 353 (8) | 4480 | 179 (8) | 2247 | 174 (8) | 2233 | 0.006 |
| Rheumatic disease, n (%) | 196 (4) | 4480 | 97 (4) | 2247 | 99 (4) | 2233 | 0.006 |
| Metastatic solid tumor, n (%) | 230 (5) | 4480 | 115 (5) | 2247 | 115 (5) | 2233 | <0.001 |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 74.1 (22.7) | 3996 | 74.1 (22.7) | 2004 | 74.1 (22.7) | 1992 | 0.004 |
| Last preadmission BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 30.4 (7.1) | 3815 | 30.4 (7.1) | 1914 | 30.4 (7.2) | 1901 | 0.001 |
| Last preadmission temperature, ° C, mean (SD) | 98.0 (0.9) | 4204 | 98.0 (0.8) | 2109 | 98.0 (0.9) | 2095 | 0.006 |
| Last preadmission SBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 131 (19) | 4228 | 131 (19) | 2121 | 131 (19) | 2107 | 0.006 |
| Last preadmission DBP, mm Hg, mean (SD)a | 76 (11) | 4227 | 76 (11) | 2120 | 76 (11) | 2107 | 0.003 |
| Last preadmission pulse, bpm, mean (SD) | 80 (15) | 4228 | 80 (15) | 2121 | 80 (15) | 2107 | 0.002 |
| Last preadmission O2 saturation, %, mean (SD) | 96.4 (2.4) | 4099 | 96.4 (2.4) | 2057 | 96.4 (2.3) | 2042 | 0.006 |
| Last preadmission protein dipstick, n (%) | 4480 | 2247 | 2233 | 0.027 | |||
| Not measured | 1896 (42) | 957 (43) | 939 (42) | ||||
| Negative or trace | 1794 (40) | 887 (39) | 907 (41) | ||||
| 1+ | 408 (9) | 211 (9) | 197 (9) | ||||
| ≥2+ | 382 (9) | 192 (9) | 190 (9) | ||||
| Last preadmission urine dipstick RBCs, n (%) | 4480 | 2247 | 2233 | 0.012 | |||
| Not measured | 1938 (43) | 974 (43) | 964 (43) | ||||
| Negative or trace | 1976 (44) | 986 (44) | 990 (44) | ||||
| 1+ | 327 (7) | 167 (7) | 160 (7) | ||||
| ≥2+ | 238 (5) | 120 (5) | 118 (5) | ||||
| Active ACE inhibitor user, n (%)a | 942 (21) | 4480 | 472 (21) | 2247 | 470 (21) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| Active ARB user, n (%)b | 485 (11) | 4480 | 243 (11) | 2247 | 242 (11) | 2233 | <0.001 |
| Active CCB user, n (%)b | 965 (22) | 4480 | 486 (22) | 2247 | 478 (21) | 2233 | 0.006 |
| Active α-blocker user, n (%)b | 133 (3) | 4480 | 68 (3) | 2247 | 65 (3) | 2233 | 0.008 |
| Active β-blocker user, n (%)b | 1173 (26) | 4480 | 586 (26) | 2247 | 586 (26) | 2233 | 0.003 |
| Active K-sparing diuretic user, n (%)b | 187 (4) | 4480 | 94 (4) | 2247 | 93 (4) | 2233 | <0.001 |
| Active loop diuretic user, n (%)b | 506 (11) | 4480 | 252 (11) | 2247 | 254 (11) | 2233 | 0.006 |
| Active thiazide user, n (%)b | 567 (13) | 4480 | 282 (13) | 2247 | 285 (13) | 2233 | 0.006 |
| Active peripheral vasodilator user, n (%)b | 119 (3) | 4480 | 59 (3) | 2247 | 60 (3) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| Recent acyclovir fill, n (%)c | 45 (1) | 4480 | 23 (1) | 2247 | 22 (1) | 2233 | <0.001 |
| Recent azithromycin fill, n (%)c | 1254 (28) | 4480 | 627 (28) | 2247 | 627 (28) | 2233 | 0.003 |
| Recent β-lactam fill, n (%)c | 299 (7) | 4480 | 148 (7) | 2247 | 151 (7) | 2233 | 0.007 |
| Recent cephalosporin fill, n (%)c | 193 (4) | 4480 | 97 (4) | 2247 | 96 (4) | 2233 | 0.002 |
| Recent hydroxychloroquine fill, n (%)c | 26 (1) | 4480 | 13 (1) | 2247 | 13 (1) | 2233 | 0.003 |
| Recent fluoroquinolone fill, n (%)c | 139 (3) | 4480 | 69 (3) | 2247 | 69 (3) | 2233 | 0.001 |
| Recent H2 blocker fill, n (%)c | 267 (6) | 4480 | 134 (6) | 2247 | 133 (6) | 2233 | 0.001 |
| Recent NSAID fill, n (%)c | 596 (13) | 4480 | 297 (13) | 2247 | 299 (13) | 2233 | 0.005 |
| Recent proton pump inhibitor fill, n (%)c | 1023 (23) | 4480 | 510 (23) | 2247 | 513 (23) | 2233 | 0.006 |
| Recent steroid fill, n (%)c | 459 (10) | 4480 | 232 (10) | 2247 | 227 (10) | 2233 | 0.005 |
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SMD, standardized mean difference; W, sum of the patient weights.
The W value can be thought of as the effective number of patients in the weighted cohort created by the matching weights. The entire cohort of 7082 patients was used with patients receiving weights greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1, yielding a sum of weights equal to 4480. SMDs are the absolute difference in means or percentage divided by an evenly weighted pooled SD or difference between groups in number of SDs. For the weighted cohort, all SMDs were <0.1, indicating good balance.
DBP indicator variable for missingness not included in the logistic regression model because of collinearity with the SBP indicator variable for missingness.
Active user refers to pills on hand at admission.
Recent fill refers to fill within last 104 days.