Table 3.

Challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Challenge	Description of the challenge
Economic shock	-Extensive supply-demand and market shock -Reduction of production worldwide, shortage of raw materials, pressure on the market, and reduced income -Supply disruption due to dependence on imports of raw materials from other countries such as China -Disruption of global and domestic demand due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer spending -Low profitability and disruption in the production of many companies and investments -Stress and pressure on the bank and finance due to decreased consumers' loan repayments and lack of credit growth -Reduced oil prices -Closing of businesses -Supply Chain Shock (The supply chain includes all businesses that directly or indirectly meet the end customer demand, for example, demand shock: reduced consumer consumption, supply shock: factory shutdown) [4, 35] -Increasing unemployment [33]
Change of social behavior	-Change in spending pattern -Prohibition of large gatherings and social distancing -Change in the travel pattern -Decreased demand for services, particularly tourism, entertainment, aviation, schooling, electronics, consumer goods, and luxury items -Interdependence of countries -Changes in service delivery and lifestyle -Mental health problems such as fear, stress, anxiety, depression, anger, frustration, despair [1] -Increase work at home [33, 36]
Challenge at organizational level	-Staff safety -Unemployment and underemployment -Working from home and limited work solutions as a result of workflow disruption -Reduced employees' motivation -Reduced salary -Reduced customers and sales -Additional cost for hiring new employees -Disruption in the work of organizations due to the infection of employees with COVID-19 -Weakening of morale, reduced ability and concentration, and creation of stress in other employees due to the illness of a colleague -Disruption of workflow due to the death of a colleague -Staff absence and transfer -Modifying internal laws, policies, and procedures in accordance with customer requirements -Additional manpower and the need to train people to acquire new skills -Complexity in work due to the integration of technology and digitalization -Increased workload -IT challenges following total and partial home office and adapting to them -Customer needs and the inability of organizations to deliver on-site services -Spreading rumors in the organization and managing fear in the organization -Different attitudes towards access to health records and disclosure of the identity of affected employees [1, 4, 16, 31] -Injustice in the increase of unemployed people and lack of income against people who work at home and receive a normal salary [33, 34] -Low job independence and job insecurity [33, 34] -Increasing employees' working hours due to the dismissal of their colleagues [34]