Table 1.
Cephalometric Landmarks and Measurements
| Description |
|
| Points | |
| Skeletal | |
| A | Position of the deepest concavity on anterior profile of the maxilla |
| ANS | Tip of anterior nasal spine |
| B | Most posterior point on the anterior contour of the lower alveolar process |
| Ba | Most postero-inferior point on the clivus |
| GoL | The most inferior-posterior point on the left angle of the mandible |
| GoR | The most inferior-posterior point on the right angle of the mandible |
| ii | A point midway between the incisal edges of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors |
| MoL | The distal tip of the first left molar in the jaw of interest |
| MoR | The distal tip of the first right molar in the jaw of interest |
| N | The intersection of the internasal and frontonasal sutures in the midsagittal plane |
| PNS | The most posterior point on the bony hard palate |
| Pl | Centroid of the greater palatine foramen left |
| Pr | Centroid of the greater palatine foramen right |
| PoG | The most anterior point of the bony chin in the midsagittal plane |
| S | Midpoint of the sella turcica |
| So | Midpoint of the sella-basion line |
| Airway | |
| ad1 | Intersection of the line PNS-Ba and the posterior nasopharyngeal wall |
| ad2 | Intersection of the line PNS-So and the posterior nasopharyngeal wall |
| P3 | Intersection between the posterior pharyngeal wall and the bisected Occlusal plane (OP) |
| T2 | Intersection between the contour of the tongue and the bisected OP |
| E | Most superior point of epiglottis |
| E1 | Frontal wall of pharyngeal airway over E1-E2 line |
| E2 | Posterior wall of pharyngeal airway over E1-E2 line |
| Measurements | |
| Overjet | This angle indicates the horizontal position of the maxilla relative to the cranial base. |
| ANB | Linear measurement from line through the upper incisal edge point perpendicular to the occlusal plane to a line through the lower incisal edge point perpendicular to the occlusal plane |
| Palatal width | Angle formed by the intersection of lines NA and NB, which measures the anterior-posterior relation of the maxilla and the mandible |
| SNB | Linear measurement from the left palatal point to the right |
| SNA | This angle expresses the horizontal position of the mandible relative to the cranial base. |