Table 3.

Risk factors For Regular Inpatient Opioid Use Among Patients With Cirrhosis (n = 116,146)*

	Unadjusted			Adjusted
	OR	95% CI	P Value	AOR	95% CI	P value
Female sex	1.23	1.19‐1.26	<0.001	1.25	1.21‐1.29	<0.001
Age group (years)
18‐30	REF			REF
31‐50	0.93	0.84‐1.04	<0.001	0.89	0.80‐0.98	<0.001
51‐64	0.79	0.71‐0.88		0.71	0.64‐0.78
65 and over	0.41	0.37‐0.46		0.31	0.28‐0.35
Race
Asian/Pacific Islander	REF			REF
White	2.37	2.02‐2.79	<0.001	1.95	1.66‐2.28	<0.001
Black	2.49	2.09‐2.96		1.95	1.65‐2.31
Hispanic	1.78	1.26‐2.07		1.25	1.23‐1.69
Primary payer
Private	REF			REF
Medicaid	1.48	1.39‐1.58	<0.001	1.34	1.25‐1.43	<0.001
Medicare	1.05	0.99‐1.11		1.49	1.39‐1.60
Other	1.1	0.95‐1.26		1.07	0.93‐1.25
Charlson Comorbidity Index	1.01	0.99‐1.01	0.14
Chronic pain diagnosis	3.66	3.37‐3.97	<0.001	3.45	3.17‐3.74	<0.001
Compensated cirrhosis	1.17	1.12‐1.23	<0.001
Ascites	0.98	0.94‐1.03	0.47
Varices	0.85	0.82‐0.89	<0.001	0.88	0.84‐0.92	<0.001
Hepatic encephalopathy	0.83	0.78‐0.88	<0.001	0.8	0.75‐0.86	<0.001
Outside hospital transfer	1.05	0.99‐1.12	0.1
Admission status
Emergency	REF
Urgent	0.98	0.90‐1.05	0.39
Elective	1.04	0.92‐1.18
Other	1.2	0.93‐1.54
Physician specialty
Internal medicine	REF			REF
GI/liver specialist	0.78	0.70‐0.87		0.86	0.77‐0.97	<0.001
Critical care	0.85	0.76‐0.95	<0.001	0.85	0.76‐0.96
Other	0.86	0.80‐0.92		0.89	0.83‐0.95
Transplant center	0.92	0.82‐1.04	0.2
Teaching hospital	0.84	0.76‐0.94	0.002	0.83	0.74‐0.93	0.001

^*All analyses clustered by hospital.

Abbreviations: GI, gastrointestinal; OR, odds ratio; REF, reference.